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Olivier Arnould
LMGC, Université de Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5508, 34090 Montpellier, France

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Journal article
Published: 06 July 2021 in Polymers
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PLA-flax non-woven composites are promising materials, coupling high performance and possible degradation at their end of life. To explore their ageing mechanisms during garden composting, microstructural investigations were carried out through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We observe that flax fibres preferentially degrade ‘inwards’ from the edge to the core of the composite. In addition, progressive erosion of the cell walls occurs within the fibres themselves, ‘outwards’ from the central lumen to the periphery primary wall. This preferential degradation is reflected in the decrease in indentation modulus from around 23 GPa for fibres located in the preserved core of the composite to 3–4 GPa for the remaining outer-most cell wall crowns located at the edge of the sample that is in contact with the compost. Ageing of the PLA matrix is less drastic with a relatively stable indentation modulus. Nevertheless, a change in the PLA morphology, a significant decrease in its roughness and increase of porosity, can be observed towards the edge of the sample, in comparison to the core. This work highlights the important role of intrinsic fibre porosity, called lumen, which is suspected to be a major variable of the compost ageing process, providing pathways of entry for moisture and microorganisms that are involved in cell wall degradation.

ACS Style

Alessia Melelli; Delphin Pantaloni; Eric Balnois; Olivier Arnould; Frédéric Jamme; Christophe Baley; Johnny Beaugrand; Darshil Shah; Alain Bourmaud. Investigations by AFM of Ageing Mechanisms in PLA-Flax Fibre Composites during Garden Composting. Polymers 2021, 13, 2225 .

AMA Style

Alessia Melelli, Delphin Pantaloni, Eric Balnois, Olivier Arnould, Frédéric Jamme, Christophe Baley, Johnny Beaugrand, Darshil Shah, Alain Bourmaud. Investigations by AFM of Ageing Mechanisms in PLA-Flax Fibre Composites during Garden Composting. Polymers. 2021; 13 (14):2225.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alessia Melelli; Delphin Pantaloni; Eric Balnois; Olivier Arnould; Frédéric Jamme; Christophe Baley; Johnny Beaugrand; Darshil Shah; Alain Bourmaud. 2021. "Investigations by AFM of Ageing Mechanisms in PLA-Flax Fibre Composites during Garden Composting." Polymers 13, no. 14: 2225.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2020 in Molecules
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Today, plant fibers are considered as an important new renewable resource that can compete with some synthetic fibers, such as glass, in fiber-reinforced composites. In previous works, it was noted that the pectin-enriched middle lamella (ML) is a weak point in the fiber bundles for plant fiber-reinforced composites. ML is strongly bonded to the primary walls of the cells to form a complex layer called the compound middle lamella (CML). In a composite, cracks preferentially propagate along and through this layer when a mechanical loading is applied. In this work, middle lamellae of several plant fibers of different origin (flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, nettle, and date palm leaf sheath), among the most used for composite reinforcement, are investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The peak-force quantitative nanomechanical property mapping (PF-QNM) mode is used in order to estimate the indentation modulus of this layer. AFM PF-QNM confirmed its potential and suitability to mechanically characterize and compare the stiffness of small areas at the micro and nanoscale level, such as plant cell walls and middle lamellae. Our results suggest that the mean indentation modulus of ML is in the range from 6 GPa (date palm leaf sheath) to 16 GPa (hemp), depending on the plant considered. Moreover, local cell-wall layer architectures were finely evidenced and described.

ACS Style

Alessia Melelli; Olivier Arnould; Johnny Beaugrand; Alain Bourmaud. The Middle Lamella of Plant Fibers Used as Composite Reinforcement: Investigation by Atomic Force Microscopy. Molecules 2020, 25, 632 .

AMA Style

Alessia Melelli, Olivier Arnould, Johnny Beaugrand, Alain Bourmaud. The Middle Lamella of Plant Fibers Used as Composite Reinforcement: Investigation by Atomic Force Microscopy. Molecules. 2020; 25 (3):632.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alessia Melelli; Olivier Arnould; Johnny Beaugrand; Alain Bourmaud. 2020. "The Middle Lamella of Plant Fibers Used as Composite Reinforcement: Investigation by Atomic Force Microscopy." Molecules 25, no. 3: 632.

Journal article
Published: 29 June 2019 in Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing
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This paper investigates biochemical, morphological and mechanical properties of a large range of plant fibres explored with the same methods. Biochemical results clearly exhibit strong differences between gelatinous, i.e. flax and hemp, and xylan type, i.e. jute and kenaf, cell walls. These differences into parietal composition have an impact on cell wall stiffness, highlighted through nanoindentation and atomic force microscopy measurements, but also on fibre individualisation, due to variations into fibre bundles cohesion. In addition, the morphology and particularly the lumen size induces apparent density differences. Moreover, the influence of fibre morphology and properties is demonstrated on UD materials. Finally, longitudinal Young’s modulus of each plant fibre batches is back-calculated from UD stiffness by an inverse method; the results obtained are in accordance with the values in the literature values, proving the interest of this method to estimate longitudinal Young’s modulus of short plant fibres.

ACS Style

Alain Bourmaud; Justin Mérotte; David Siniscalco; Maelenn Le Gall; Victor Gager; Antoine Le Duigou; Floran Pierre; Karim Behlouli; Olivier Arnould; Johnny Beaugrand; Christophe Baley. Main criteria of sustainable natural fibre for efficient unidirectional biocomposites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2019, 124, 105504 .

AMA Style

Alain Bourmaud, Justin Mérotte, David Siniscalco, Maelenn Le Gall, Victor Gager, Antoine Le Duigou, Floran Pierre, Karim Behlouli, Olivier Arnould, Johnny Beaugrand, Christophe Baley. Main criteria of sustainable natural fibre for efficient unidirectional biocomposites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2019; 124 ():105504.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alain Bourmaud; Justin Mérotte; David Siniscalco; Maelenn Le Gall; Victor Gager; Antoine Le Duigou; Floran Pierre; Karim Behlouli; Olivier Arnould; Johnny Beaugrand; Christophe Baley. 2019. "Main criteria of sustainable natural fibre for efficient unidirectional biocomposites." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 124, no. : 105504.

Journal article
Published: 28 October 2018 in Carbohydrate Polymers
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Flax retting is a major bioprocess in the cultivation and extraction cycle of flax fibres. The aim of the present study is to improve the understanding of the evolution of fibre properties and ultrastructure caused by this process at the plant cell wall scale. Initially, investigations of the mechanical performances of the flax cell walls by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in Peak Force mode revealed a significant increase (+33%) in the cell wall indentation modulus with retting time. Two complementary structural studies are presented here, namely using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). An estimation of the cellulose crystallinity index by XRD measurements, confirmed by NMR, shows an increase of 8% in crystallinity with retting mainly due to the disappearance of amorphous polymer. In addition, NMR investigations show a compaction of inaccessible cell wall polymers, combined with an increase in the relaxation times of the C4 carbon. This densification provides a structural explanation for the observed improvement in mechanical performance of the secondary wall of flax fibres during the field retting process.

ACS Style

Alain Bourmaud; David Siniscalco; Loïc Foucat; Camille Goudenhooft; Xavier Falourd; Bruno Pontoire; Olivier Arnould; Johnny Beaugrand; Christophe Baley. Evolution of flax cell wall ultrastructure and mechanical properties during the retting step. Carbohydrate Polymers 2018, 206, 48 -56.

AMA Style

Alain Bourmaud, David Siniscalco, Loïc Foucat, Camille Goudenhooft, Xavier Falourd, Bruno Pontoire, Olivier Arnould, Johnny Beaugrand, Christophe Baley. Evolution of flax cell wall ultrastructure and mechanical properties during the retting step. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2018; 206 ():48-56.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alain Bourmaud; David Siniscalco; Loïc Foucat; Camille Goudenhooft; Xavier Falourd; Bruno Pontoire; Olivier Arnould; Johnny Beaugrand; Christophe Baley. 2018. "Evolution of flax cell wall ultrastructure and mechanical properties during the retting step." Carbohydrate Polymers 206, no. : 48-56.

Erratum
Published: 17 October 2018 in Polymer Testing
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ACS Style

David Siniscalco; Olivier Arnould; Alain Bourmaud; Antoine Le Duigou; Christophe Baley. Corrigendum to “Monitoring temperature effects on flax cell-wall mechanical properties within a composite material using AFM” [Polym. Test. 69 (2018) 91–99]. Polymer Testing 2018, 72, 439 .

AMA Style

David Siniscalco, Olivier Arnould, Alain Bourmaud, Antoine Le Duigou, Christophe Baley. Corrigendum to “Monitoring temperature effects on flax cell-wall mechanical properties within a composite material using AFM” [Polym. Test. 69 (2018) 91–99]. Polymer Testing. 2018; 72 ():439.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Siniscalco; Olivier Arnould; Alain Bourmaud; Antoine Le Duigou; Christophe Baley. 2018. "Corrigendum to “Monitoring temperature effects on flax cell-wall mechanical properties within a composite material using AFM” [Polym. Test. 69 (2018) 91–99]." Polymer Testing 72, no. : 439.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Polymer Testing
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ACS Style

David Siniscalco; Olivier Arnould; Alain Bourmaud; Antoine Le Duigou; Christophe Baley. Monitoring temperature effects on flax cell-wall mechanical properties within a composite material using AFM. Polymer Testing 2018, 69, 91 -99.

AMA Style

David Siniscalco, Olivier Arnould, Alain Bourmaud, Antoine Le Duigou, Christophe Baley. Monitoring temperature effects on flax cell-wall mechanical properties within a composite material using AFM. Polymer Testing. 2018; 69 ():91-99.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Siniscalco; Olivier Arnould; Alain Bourmaud; Antoine Le Duigou; Christophe Baley. 2018. "Monitoring temperature effects on flax cell-wall mechanical properties within a composite material using AFM." Polymer Testing 69, no. : 91-99.

Journal article
Published: 24 July 2018 in Ultramicroscopy
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Contact-resonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM) is of great interest and very valuable for a deeper understanding of the mechanics of biological materials with moduli of at least a few GPa. However, sample surfaces can present a high topography range with significant slopes, where the local angle can be as large as ± 50°. The non-trivial correlation between surface slope and CR-frequency hinders a straight-forward interpretation of CR-AFM indentation modulus measurements on such samples. We aim to demonstrate the significant influence of the surface slope on the CR-frequency that is caused by the local angle between sample surface and the AFM cantilever and present a practical method to correct the measurements. Based on existing analytical models of the effect of the AFM set-up’s intrinsic cantilever tilt on CR-frequencies, we compute the non-linear variation of the first two (eigen)modes CR-frequency for a large range of surface angles. The computations are confirmed by CR-AFM experiments performed on a curved surface. Finally, the model is applied to directly correct contact modulus measurements on a durum wheat starch granule as an exemplary sample.

ACS Style

Karsta Heinze; O. Arnould; Jean-Yves Delenne; V. Lullien-Pellerin; M. Ramonda; M. George. On the effect of local sample slope during modulus measurements by contact-resonance atomic force microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2018, 194, 78 -88.

AMA Style

Karsta Heinze, O. Arnould, Jean-Yves Delenne, V. Lullien-Pellerin, M. Ramonda, M. George. On the effect of local sample slope during modulus measurements by contact-resonance atomic force microscopy. Ultramicroscopy. 2018; 194 ():78-88.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karsta Heinze; O. Arnould; Jean-Yves Delenne; V. Lullien-Pellerin; M. Ramonda; M. George. 2018. "On the effect of local sample slope during modulus measurements by contact-resonance atomic force microscopy." Ultramicroscopy 194, no. : 78-88.

Communication
Published: 17 January 2018 in Fibers
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The development of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) fibers was studied to obtain better insight on the progression of their high mechanical performances during plant growth. Fibers at two steps of plant development were studied, namely the end of the fast growth period and at plant maturity, each time at three plant heights. The indentation modulus of the fiber cell wall was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) using peak-force quantitative nano-mechanical property mapping (PF-QNM). Changes in the cell wall modulus with the cell wall thickening were highlighted. For growing plants, fibers from top and middle heights show a loose inner Gn layer with a lower indentation modulus than mature fibers, which exhibit thickened homogeneous cell walls made only of a G layer. The influence of these changes in the fiber cell wall on the mechanical performances of extracted elementary fibers was also emphasized by tensile tests. In addition, Raman spectra were recorded on samples from both growing and mature plants. The results suggest that, for the fiber cell wall, the cellulose contribution increases with fiber maturity, leading to a greater cell wall modulus of flax fibers.

ACS Style

Camille Goudenhooft; David Siniscalco; Olivier Arnould; Alain Bourmaud; Olivier Sire; Tatyana Gorshkova; Christophe Baley. Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Flax Cell Walls during Plant Development: The Relation between Performance and Cell Wall Structure. Fibers 2018, 6, 6 .

AMA Style

Camille Goudenhooft, David Siniscalco, Olivier Arnould, Alain Bourmaud, Olivier Sire, Tatyana Gorshkova, Christophe Baley. Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Flax Cell Walls during Plant Development: The Relation between Performance and Cell Wall Structure. Fibers. 2018; 6 (1):6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Camille Goudenhooft; David Siniscalco; Olivier Arnould; Alain Bourmaud; Olivier Sire; Tatyana Gorshkova; Christophe Baley. 2018. "Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Flax Cell Walls during Plant Development: The Relation between Performance and Cell Wall Structure." Fibers 6, no. 1: 6.

Original
Published: 12 December 2017 in Wood Science and Technology
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The main principle of Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) measurement method is to excite a sample and to deduce its elastic constants from its free mechanical resonant frequencies. The goal of this paper is to propose an application of RUS in the case of wood cubic samples by: (1) using frequencies and mode shapes (or vibration patterns) of the free resonant modes in an iterative numerical procedure to solve the inverse problem for identifying components of the stiffness tensor of the sample’s material, (2) finding the limits and optimizing the robustness of the identification procedure in the case of wood and (3) applying it to a large density range of wood samples. Specific continuous waves have been used as excitation signal in order to experimentally determine the free resonant frequencies and mode shapes of the sample in a faster way by means of Scanning Doppler Vibrometer measurements. Afterward, the stiffness tensor was derived by solving iteratively an inverse problem. The gain of using the mode shapes in the inverse identification procedure is demonstrated to be particularly necessary for wood, especially for pairing each measured frequency with its corresponding theoretically predicted one, as viscoelastic damping causes the resonant peaks to overlap and/or disappear. A sensitivity analysis of each elastic constant on the measured resonant frequencies has thus been performed. It shows that, in its current state of development, not all of the elastic constants can be identified robustly and a modified identification procedure is thus proposed. This modified procedure has been applied successfully to wood samples with a large density range, including softwood and hardwood, and particularly non-homogeneous wood species or with specific anatomical features.

ACS Style

Roberto Longo; Didier Laux; Stéphane Pagano; Thomas Delaunay; Emmanuel Le Clézio; Olivier Arnould. Elastic characterization of wood by Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS): a comprehensive study. Wood Science and Technology 2017, 52, 383 -402.

AMA Style

Roberto Longo, Didier Laux, Stéphane Pagano, Thomas Delaunay, Emmanuel Le Clézio, Olivier Arnould. Elastic characterization of wood by Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS): a comprehensive study. Wood Science and Technology. 2017; 52 (2):383-402.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roberto Longo; Didier Laux; Stéphane Pagano; Thomas Delaunay; Emmanuel Le Clézio; Olivier Arnould. 2017. "Elastic characterization of wood by Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS): a comprehensive study." Wood Science and Technology 52, no. 2: 383-402.

Journal article
Published: 23 September 2017 in Journal of Experimental Botany
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The impact of enzymatic degradation of cell walls on the viscoelasticity of apple cortex tissue reveals that methylated homogalacturonan, crystalline cellulose, and xyloglucan branching are key structures in determining cell wall mechanical properties.

ACS Style

Pauline Videcoq; Adelin Barbacci; Carole Assor; Vincent Magnenet; Olivier Arnould; Sophie Le Gall; Marc Lahaye. Examining the contribution of cell wall polysaccharides to the mechanical properties of apple parenchyma tissue using exogenous enzymes. Journal of Experimental Botany 2017, 68, 5137 -5146.

AMA Style

Pauline Videcoq, Adelin Barbacci, Carole Assor, Vincent Magnenet, Olivier Arnould, Sophie Le Gall, Marc Lahaye. Examining the contribution of cell wall polysaccharides to the mechanical properties of apple parenchyma tissue using exogenous enzymes. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2017; 68 (18):5137-5146.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pauline Videcoq; Adelin Barbacci; Carole Assor; Vincent Magnenet; Olivier Arnould; Sophie Le Gall; Marc Lahaye. 2017. "Examining the contribution of cell wall polysaccharides to the mechanical properties of apple parenchyma tissue using exogenous enzymes." Journal of Experimental Botany 68, no. 18: 5137-5146.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Industrial Crops and Products
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International audiencePeak-Force Quantitative Nano-Mechanical property mapping (PF-QNM) was applied to explore the nano-mechanical properties of flax fibre cell walls in cross-section. After validation of the ability of PF-QNM to determine stiffness gradients in aramid fibres, measurements were performed on developing flax bast fibres. The presence of two layers with different indentation moduli implies their progressive development during thickening of the secondary cell wall. Finally, measurements were carried out on technical flax fibre cell wall; but, in this case, no significant stiffness gradient could be identified in the secondary S 2 layer

ACS Style

Olivier Arnould; David Siniscalco; Alain Bourmaud; Antoine Le Duigou; Christophe Baley. Better insight into the nano-mechanical properties of flax fibre cell walls. Industrial Crops and Products 2017, 97, 224 -228.

AMA Style

Olivier Arnould, David Siniscalco, Alain Bourmaud, Antoine Le Duigou, Christophe Baley. Better insight into the nano-mechanical properties of flax fibre cell walls. Industrial Crops and Products. 2017; 97 ():224-228.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olivier Arnould; David Siniscalco; Alain Bourmaud; Antoine Le Duigou; Christophe Baley. 2017. "Better insight into the nano-mechanical properties of flax fibre cell walls." Industrial Crops and Products 97, no. : 224-228.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2016 in Holzforschung
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The cylindrical orthotropy, inherent time-dependency response, and variation between and within samples make the stiffness characterisation of wood more challenging than most other structural materials. The purpose of the present study is to compare static loading with resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) and to investigate how to combine the advantages of each of these two methods to improve the estimation of the full set of elastic parameters of a unique sample. The behavior of wood as an orthotropic mechanical material was quantified by elastic engineering parameters, i.e. Poisson’s ratios and Young’s and shear moduli. Recent and waterlogged archaeological oak impregnated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) from the Vasa warship built in 1628 was in focus. The experimental results were compared, and the difference between RUS and static loading was studied. This study contributes additional information on the influence of PEG and degradation on the elastic engineering parameters of wood. Finally, the shear moduli and Poisson’s ratios were experimentally determined for Vasa archaeological oak for the first time.

ACS Style

Alexey Vorobyev; Olivier Arnould; Didier Laux; Roberto Longo; Nico P. Van Dijk; E. Kristofer Gamstedt. Characterisation of cubic oak specimens from the Vasa ship and recent wood by means of quasi-static loading and resonance ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS). Holzforschung 2016, 70, 457 -465.

AMA Style

Alexey Vorobyev, Olivier Arnould, Didier Laux, Roberto Longo, Nico P. Van Dijk, E. Kristofer Gamstedt. Characterisation of cubic oak specimens from the Vasa ship and recent wood by means of quasi-static loading and resonance ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS). Holzforschung. 2016; 70 (5):457-465.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexey Vorobyev; Olivier Arnould; Didier Laux; Roberto Longo; Nico P. Van Dijk; E. Kristofer Gamstedt. 2016. "Characterisation of cubic oak specimens from the Vasa ship and recent wood by means of quasi-static loading and resonance ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS)." Holzforschung 70, no. 5: 457-465.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2015 in Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing
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International audienceNowadays, the multi-scale modelling of wood has a great need for measurements of structural, chemical and mechanical properties at the lowest level. In this paper, the viscoelastic properties in the layers of a wood cell wall are investigated using the contact resonance mode of an atomic force microscope (CR-AFM). A detailed experimental protocol suitable for obtaining reproducible and quantifiable data is proposed. It is based on three main steps: sample preparation to obtain a good surface state, calibration of the contact modulus using reference samples, and image processing to produce the viscoelastic images. This protocol is applied on chestnut tension wood. The obtained topography and semi-quantitative viscoelastic maps are discussed with respect to the cell wall structure, sample preparation effects, and AFM measurement specificity compared with nanoindentation

ACS Style

Olivier Arnould; R. Arinero. Towards a better understanding of wood cell wall characterisation with contact resonance atomic force microscopy. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2015, 74, 69 -76.

AMA Style

Olivier Arnould, R. Arinero. Towards a better understanding of wood cell wall characterisation with contact resonance atomic force microscopy. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2015; 74 ():69-76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olivier Arnould; R. Arinero. 2015. "Towards a better understanding of wood cell wall characterisation with contact resonance atomic force microscopy." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 74, no. : 69-76.

Research article
Published: 18 March 2015 in IAWA Journal
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Trees can control their shape and resist gravity thanks to their ability to produce wood under tensile stress. This stress is known to be produced during the maturation of wood fibres but the mechanism of its generation remains unclear. This study focuses on the formation of the secondary wall in tension wood produced in artificially tilted poplar saplings. Thickness of secondary wall layer (SL) and gelatinous layer (GL) were measured from cambium to mature wood in several trees sampled at different times after tilting. Measurements on wood fibres produced before tilting show the progressive increase of secondary wall thickness during the growing season. After the tilting date, SL thickness decreased markedly from normal wood to tension wood while the total thickness increased compared to normal wood, with the development of a thick GL. However, even after GL formation, SL thickness continues to increase during the growing season. GL thickening was observed to be faster than SL thickening. The development of the unlignified GL is proposed to be a low cost, efficient strategy for a fast generation of tensile stress in broadleaved trees.

ACS Style

Raoufeh Abedini; Bruno Clair; Kambiz Pourtahmasi; Françoise Laurans; Olivier Arnould. Cell wall thickening in developing tension wood of artificially bent poplar trees. IAWA Journal 2015, 36, 44 -57.

AMA Style

Raoufeh Abedini, Bruno Clair, Kambiz Pourtahmasi, Françoise Laurans, Olivier Arnould. Cell wall thickening in developing tension wood of artificially bent poplar trees. IAWA Journal. 2015; 36 (1):44-57.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raoufeh Abedini; Bruno Clair; Kambiz Pourtahmasi; Françoise Laurans; Olivier Arnould. 2015. "Cell wall thickening in developing tension wood of artificially bent poplar trees." IAWA Journal 36, no. 1: 44-57.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2012 in Ultrasonics
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The goal of this paper is to propose an experimental method allowing the identification of the complete elastic tensor of anisotropic biological materials such as wood using only one sample. To do so, two complementary methods are used. First, the wood eigen-directions are defined from a sample of spherical shape that is then cut into a cube in a way to perform resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS). The method is successfully applied on a reference beech sample with known orthotropic directions. A comparison of the identified elastic constants with those from the literature and some inferred from ultrasonic transmission measurements is given.

ACS Style

R. Longo; T. Delaunay; D. Laux; M. El Mouridi; Olivier Arnould; E. Le Clézio. Wood elastic characterization from a single sample by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. Ultrasonics 2012, 52, 971 -974.

AMA Style

R. Longo, T. Delaunay, D. Laux, M. El Mouridi, Olivier Arnould, E. Le Clézio. Wood elastic characterization from a single sample by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. Ultrasonics. 2012; 52 (8):971-974.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Longo; T. Delaunay; D. Laux; M. El Mouridi; Olivier Arnould; E. Le Clézio. 2012. "Wood elastic characterization from a single sample by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy." Ultrasonics 52, no. 8: 971-974.

Original
Published: 27 October 2012 in Wood Science and Technology
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The properties of wood and wood-based materials are strongly dependent on the properties of the fibres, that is, the cell wall properties. It is thus highly important to be able to mechanically characterise cell walls in order to understand structure–property relationships. This article gives a brief overview of the state of the art in experimental techniques to characterise the mechanical properties of wood at both the level of the single cell and that of the cell wall. Challenges, opportunities, drawbacks and limitations of single fibre tensile tests and nanoindentation are discussed with respect to the wood material properties.

ACS Style

Michaela Eder; Olivier Arnould; John Dunlop; Joanna Hornatowska; Lennart Salmén. Experimental micromechanical characterisation of wood cell walls. Wood Science and Technology 2012, 47, 163 -182.

AMA Style

Michaela Eder, Olivier Arnould, John Dunlop, Joanna Hornatowska, Lennart Salmén. Experimental micromechanical characterisation of wood cell walls. Wood Science and Technology. 2012; 47 (1):163-182.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michaela Eder; Olivier Arnould; John Dunlop; Joanna Hornatowska; Lennart Salmén. 2012. "Experimental micromechanical characterisation of wood cell walls." Wood Science and Technology 47, no. 1: 163-182.

Journal article
Published: 13 January 2012 in Annals of Forest Science
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This study aimed to examine the effect of the tension wood G‐layer on the viscoelastic properties of wood.

ACS Style

J. Paul McLean; Olivier Arnould; Jacques Beauchene; Bruno Clair. The effect of the G‐layer on the viscoelastic properties of tropical hardwoods. Annals of Forest Science 2012, 69, 399 -408.

AMA Style

J. Paul McLean, Olivier Arnould, Jacques Beauchene, Bruno Clair. The effect of the G‐layer on the viscoelastic properties of tropical hardwoods. Annals of Forest Science. 2012; 69 (3):399-408.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Paul McLean; Olivier Arnould; Jacques Beauchene; Bruno Clair. 2012. "The effect of the G‐layer on the viscoelastic properties of tropical hardwoods." Annals of Forest Science 69, no. 3: 399-408.

Original article
Published: 22 December 2011 in Journal of Wood Science
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Vibrational properties of wood are affected by several parameters, of which extractives can be one of the most important ones. Wood for European musical instruments has been often studied, but traditional Middle Eastern ones had been left unnoticed. In this study white mulberry (Morus alba L.), the main material for long-necked lutes in Iran, was extracted by five solvents of various polarities (water included). Free-free bar forced vibrations were used to measure longitudinal (L) loss tangent (tanδ), storage (elastic) modulus (E′) and specific modulus (E′/γ) in the acoustic range. Their anisotropy between the 3 axes of orthotropy was determined by dynamic mechanical analysis. Native wood had a quite low E L′/γ but its tanδ was smaller than expected, and the anisotropy of tanδ and E′/γ was very low. Removal of extractives caused tanδ to increase and moduli to decrease. Acetone, the most effective solvent on damping despite a moderate extraction yield, increased tanδ L by at least 20% but did not modify E′/γ as much. When used successively, its effects masked those of solvents used afterwards. Anisotropy of E′/γ was nearly unchanged after extraction in methanol or hot water, while tanδ was much more increased in R than in T direction. Results suggest that in white mulberry, damping is governed more by nature and localization of extractives rather than by their crud abundance.

ACS Style

Aida Se Golpayegani; Iris Brémaud; Joseph Gril; Marie-France Thevenon; Olivier Arnould; Kambiz Pourtahmasi. Effect of extractions on dynamic mechanical properties of white mulberry (Morus alba). Journal of Wood Science 2011, 58, 153 -162.

AMA Style

Aida Se Golpayegani, Iris Brémaud, Joseph Gril, Marie-France Thevenon, Olivier Arnould, Kambiz Pourtahmasi. Effect of extractions on dynamic mechanical properties of white mulberry (Morus alba). Journal of Wood Science. 2011; 58 (2):153-162.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aida Se Golpayegani; Iris Brémaud; Joseph Gril; Marie-France Thevenon; Olivier Arnould; Kambiz Pourtahmasi. 2011. "Effect of extractions on dynamic mechanical properties of white mulberry (Morus alba)." Journal of Wood Science 58, no. 2: 153-162.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2011 in Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología
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This work is part of a program that aims at studying the burr wood of thuja (Tetraclinis articulata). The goal of this work is to identify material symmetries of burr wood to improve its machining. To have a sufficient number of data and to limit the variability between samples, an ultrasonic experimental device, in direct contact on spherical samples, has been developed and improved. Until now, the geometry used in direct contact ultrasonic methods was either cubic or polyhedral allowing to obtain, on the same sample, 3 (cube) to 13 (polyhedron) measurements or usable data. By choosing a reasonable angular gap, the spherical geometry allows the ultrasonic velocity to be measured in 133 different directions on the same specimen. We present here the adaptation and development of the ultrasonic experimental device and results obtained on (i) aluminum chosen as a reference material, (ii) beech wood and (iii) burr wood of thuja. (Résumé d'auteur

ACS Style

Mohammed El Mouridi; Thierry Laurent; Loïc Brancheriau; Olivier Arnould; Abderrahim Famiri; Abdelillah Hakam; Joseph Gril. Searching for material symmetries in the burr wood of thuja by a direct contact ultrasonic method on spherical samples. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 2011, 13, 285 -296.

AMA Style

Mohammed El Mouridi, Thierry Laurent, Loïc Brancheriau, Olivier Arnould, Abderrahim Famiri, Abdelillah Hakam, Joseph Gril. Searching for material symmetries in the burr wood of thuja by a direct contact ultrasonic method on spherical samples. Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología. 2011; 13 (3):285-296.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed El Mouridi; Thierry Laurent; Loïc Brancheriau; Olivier Arnould; Abderrahim Famiri; Abdelillah Hakam; Joseph Gril. 2011. "Searching for material symmetries in the burr wood of thuja by a direct contact ultrasonic method on spherical samples." Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 13, no. 3: 285-296.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2010 in Holzforschung
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Oriented strand board (OSB) panels were manufactured with different mixtures of pine and cypress heartwood and resins based on lignin or tannin to develop an eco-friendly wood composite with a natural durability against termite and fungi. Some physical properties and the major elastic moduli of bulk wood as well as of the manufactured panels were determined using different measurement techniques. In addition, a micromechanical model was adapted and validated with the experimental results. The good agreement obtained between the experimental data and model predictions indicates the proper assessment of the most influential parameters, such as raw material and adhesive properties, strand orientation, layer assembly and density profile. A parameter study, enlightening the effect of strand orientation on several elastic constants, enlarges the scope of experiments. We conclude with an optimal combination of resin and wood species mixture resulting in the best performance from a biological and mechanical standpoint.

ACS Style

Olivier Arnould; Reinhard Stürzenbecher; Sandrine Bardet; Karin Hofstetter; Daniel Guibal; Nadine Amusant; Antonio Pizzi. Mechanical potential of eco-OSB produced from durable and nondurable species and natural resins. Holzforschung 2010, 64, 1 .

AMA Style

Olivier Arnould, Reinhard Stürzenbecher, Sandrine Bardet, Karin Hofstetter, Daniel Guibal, Nadine Amusant, Antonio Pizzi. Mechanical potential of eco-OSB produced from durable and nondurable species and natural resins. Holzforschung. 2010; 64 (6):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olivier Arnould; Reinhard Stürzenbecher; Sandrine Bardet; Karin Hofstetter; Daniel Guibal; Nadine Amusant; Antonio Pizzi. 2010. "Mechanical potential of eco-OSB produced from durable and nondurable species and natural resins." Holzforschung 64, no. 6: 1.