Introduction. According to different authors, 4 to 40% of the child and adult population suffer from chronic tonsillitis (СT), with many authors noting an increase in the number of cases and no tendency to decrease the frequency of this pathology.Objective. To optimize diagnostics and treatment tactic of taking patients with chronic tonsillitis (CT) using our own clinical and laboratory data and morphological data as well as literature data.Materials and methods. Аt the first stage of work, 166 patients were examined. They were divided into 4 categories (experimental groups) depending on clinical CT classification according to B.S. Preobrazhensky and V.T. Palchun. We also formed a group of patients who did not have CT symptoms. All patients underwent tonsillectomy or tonsillotomy. All tissue samples of palatine tonsils we got were investigated using immunohistochemical markers and default histological colorings. At the second stage, the dynamics of complaints, clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters were assessed in 247 patients diagnosed with CT Toxic-Allergic Form I (CT TAF I) before conservative treatment and 3 months after conservative treatment. Patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the conservative treatment regimen: a course of flushing the lacunae of the tonsils; antibiotic therapy with a retard form of clarithromycin; complex treatment combining the first two options.Results. Тhe chronic inflammatory process in the palatine tonsils changes their cytoarchitectonics. At the same time, there is a direct correlation between the presence and severity of changes with the clinical classification of chemotherapy according to B.S. Preobrazhensky and V.T. Palchun.Conclusion. With CT TAF II, the palatine tonsil not only loses its importance as an organ of the immune system, but also becomes a hotbed of infection in the body, which can cause severe complications. Only tonsillectomy can effectively protect the patient from these complications. At the stage of CT TAF I, the formation of metatansillar complications occurs. Patients with this form of CT require special attention, and correctly conducted conservative therapy can protect patients from local and general complications of CT. A variant of such conservative therapy that gives a lasting effect is complex therapy with washing the lacunae of the palatine tonsils with an antiseptic solution and simultaneous antibiotic therapy with 14-membered macrolides that can accumulate in the lymphadenoid tissue.

The article is devoted to the problem of chronic tonsillitis. The widespread prevalence of the disease, as well as the high risk of complications from vital organs, make this problem especially urgent. The article describes in detail the factors contributing to the formation of a focus of chronic inflammation in the amygdala. Special attention is paid to the microbiological aspects of the inflammatory process, anatomical, topographic and physiological features of the tonsils, as well as their immune function. The histological changes that form against the background of a long-term chronic inflammatory process in the tonsils are described. Changes in the parenchyma of the amygdala during inflammation can be expressed both by hyperplasia and by involution of follicles with the formation of infiltrates and the subsequent development of abscesses. In the final stages of an active inflammatory process, connective tissue grows, replacing lymphoid tissue. In the paratonsillar tissue and the capsule of the amygdala, an overgrowth of connective tissue is also observed, which is accompanied by the formation of nested infiltrates around small vessels, most pronounced at the upper pole of the amygdala. According to this classification, two clinical forms of chemotherapy are distinguished: simple and toxic-allergic of two degrees of severity. Further, in accordance with this classification, the basic principles of treatment are presented. Then the features of conservative therapy and the benefits of the herbal preparation are described. The composition of this drug includes marshmallow root, chamomile flowers, horsetail herb, walnut leaves, yarrow herb, oak bark and dandelion herb. The results of several clinical trials of the drug indicate its positive effect on the dynamics of both clinical and microbiological, immunological parameters in patients with chronic tonsillitis. All this allows us to recommend wider inclusion of this combined herbal medicinal product in the complex of treatment of chronic tonsillitis.

Medical article медицинская статья

Оценка бактерицидной активности грамицидина С в отношении клинических изолятов Streptococcus pneumoniae и Staphylococcus aureus при однократном и многократном воздействии

The article is devoted to the problem of chronic tonsillitis. The aim of the study was to assess changes in the morphofunctional state of the palatine tonsils in chronic inflammation. The study presents comparative data of immunohistochemical examination of the tonsils in normal and chronic tonsillar pathology. The authors used the clinical classification of chronic tonsillitis developed by B.S. Preobrazhensky and V.T. Pal’chun. Histological changes in the palatine tonsils of patients with toxic-allergic form 2 chronic tonsillitis were described in accordance with this classification. The control group represented palatine tonsils tissue taken from patients without chronic tonsillitis. The examination was carried out using markers of apoptosis, antiapoptosis, cell proliferation, as well as various types of lymphocytes. The authors describe a tonsil tissue handling technique, morphological and functional state in each study group, compared the studied parameters in two groups, reflected the dynamics of changes in the palatine tonsils with chronic tonsillitis. Increased apoptotic and anti-apoptotic activity combined with decreased cell proliferation, increased number of T-helpers and B-lymphocytes gives evidence of significantly decreased functional activity of the palatine tonsils in chronic inflammation. These changes are correlated with the clinical picture to develop the most optimal management of the disease.

Introduction. The main methods of treatment of patients with chronic polyposis rhinosinusitis are surgical and conservative, despite the significant successes achieved in the treatment of the polyposis process, epidemiologic and clinical studies show that there is no complete control of this disease. Taking into account the pros and cons of the above-mentioned methods of treatment, it seems relevant for the scientific community to further search for new methods that will combine high efficacy and low probability of developing undesirable systemic manifestations. One of such methods is targeted biological therapy with the use of monoclonal antibodies.Aim. To evaluate the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies in the therapy of patients with polyposis rhinosinusitis.Materials and methods. The authors studied the outpatient records of 102 patients aged 20 to 87 years, in whose therapy monoclonal antibodies (dupilumab, omalizumab, mepolizumab) were used. All patients participating had concomitant pathology in the form of chronic recurrent polyposis rhinosinusitis with the main disease – bronchial asthma. The subjects were divided into 3 groups, in the treatment of which one of the monoclonal antibody preparations was used.Results and discussion. Regression of the main symptoms of chronic polyposis rhinosinusitis (loss of sense of smell and taste, pain/pressure in the facial area, reduction of runny nose, mucus flowing down the posterior pharyngeal wall, nasal congestion) was observed in each of the 3 groups against the background of therapy with monoclonal antibodies. The effectiveness of the therapy was evaluated according to the results of endoscopic picture (Lund-Kennedy scale), CT picture (Lund-Mackay scale) and the data of subjective questionnaire SNOT-22.Conclusion. The studied molecules showed efficacy in the therapy of chronic polyposis rhinosinusitis. However, dupilumab was the most preferable molecule, the use of which allows to achieve more pronounced regression of the main clinical symptomatology, to reduce the degree of recurrence of the polyposis process with the absence of the need for repeated surgical interventions, as well as allows to improve the quality of life of patients.