Background and Objectives: Migraine is a leading cause of disability worldwide, with complex pathophysiological mechanisms involving oxidative and nitrosative stress. Recent research suggests that Indole-3-Propionic Acid (IPA) may have a neuroprotective role in reducing nitrosative stress. This study aims to elucidate the roles of IPA and nitrosative stress biomarkers in migraine patients, focusing on their potential as therapeutic targets. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, case-control study included 57 migraine patients and 30 healthy controls. Patients were categorized into episodic migraine (EM) and chronic migraine (CM) groups. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were documented through structured interviews. Validated scales such as the Visual Analog Score (VAS), Headache Impact Test 6 (HIT-6), Migraine Disability Assessment Test (MIDAS), Migraine 24 h Quality of Life Scale (24 h QoL), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Migraine Attacks–Subjective Cognitive Impairments Scale (Mig-SCog) were administered. Venous blood samples were collected, and serum levels of IPA, Nitric Oxide (NO), Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS), and Peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻) were measured using ELISA and spectrophotometric methods. Results: Significant differences in serum IPA and NO levels were observed between migraine patients and controls. Specifically, higher serum IPA levels were found in the EM group, while higher serum NO levels were observed in the CM group. Elevated NO levels correlated with increased migraine attack frequency. Conversely, serum IPA levels showed a negative correlation with attack frequency, suggesting a protective role. Specifically, NO levels were positively correlated with the number of painful days, NSAID usage, VAS scores, HIT-6 scores, and MIDAS scores, while negatively correlated with 24 h QoL scores. Conclusions: The study highlights the significant involvement of IPA and nitrosative stress in migraine pathophysiology. Elevated IPA levels, particularly in EM patients, suggest its potential neuroprotective role. These findings underscore the importance of targeting oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways in developing effective migraine therapies.

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy is the most common cause of death in young patients with epilepsy. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in interictal electrocardiogram parameters and sympathetic skin responses as markers of autonomic dysfunction in patients with epilepsy and to determine their effects on the type and duration of epilepsy, frequency of seizures, and responses to treatment.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of C-reactive protein (CRP), albümin, mean platelet volume (MPV) values and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLO), MPV/PLT ratio, CRP / Albumin ratios on seizure type and seizure control in epilepsy patients who are refractory or non-refractory to treatments. Methods: The study comprised 43 refractory epilepsy, 64 well-controlled epilepsy patients and control group including 68 healthy individuals. Mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet, CRP, and albumin values of the patients were studied. CRP / albumin ratio (CAR), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLO), and the MPV/ PLT ratio were determined. Results: The mean serum CRP and CAO were found to be significantly higher in refractory epilepsy patients compared to well-controlled epilepsy patients and healthy control groups, while MPV and albumin levels were found to be significantly lower. Conclusions: Serum CRP and CAO were found to be significantly higher in refractory epilepsy patients compared to well-controlled epilepsy patients and healthy control groups, while MPV and albumin levels were found to be significantly lower. In addition, this inflammatory activity increases as the frequency of seizures increases and the duration of the disease increases. These findings suggest that increased inflammatory response may affect the patient’s prognosis. In light of these findings, we think new treatment strategies that control the inflammatory response are necessary for patients with refractory epilepsy.