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John Cardina
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691

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Journal article
Published: 17 January 2018 in Agronomy
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The growth of plants and insects occurs only above a minimum temperature threshold. In insects, the growth rate depends on the temperature above the threshold up to a maximum. In plants the growth rate above the threshold generally depends on the availability of sunlight. Thus, the relative growth rates of crops and insect phytophages are expected to differ between temperature regimes. We should therefore expect insect pest pressure at a location to change with climate warming. In this study, we used actual and simulated climate data developed for the IPCC 4th Assessment Report to drive linked plant and insect growth models to examine likely changes in insect-crop interaction. Projections of insect-crop dynamics through the 21st century suggest increases in pest pressure over much of the American Midwest, which could result in substantial increases in pesticide use to maintain productivity. Thus, climate warming could cause an increase in agriculture’s carbon footprint.

ACS Style

R. A. J. Taylor; Daniel A. Herms; John Cardina; Richard H. Moore. Climate Change and Pest Management: Unanticipated Consequences of Trophic Dislocation. Agronomy 2018, 8, 7 .

AMA Style

R. A. J. Taylor, Daniel A. Herms, John Cardina, Richard H. Moore. Climate Change and Pest Management: Unanticipated Consequences of Trophic Dislocation. Agronomy. 2018; 8 (1):7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. A. J. Taylor; Daniel A. Herms; John Cardina; Richard H. Moore. 2018. "Climate Change and Pest Management: Unanticipated Consequences of Trophic Dislocation." Agronomy 8, no. 1: 7.

Journal article
Published: 02 February 2017 in BMC Plant Biology
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Rubber dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz, TK) is being developed as a domestic source of natural rubber to meet increasing global demand. However, the domestication of TK is complicated by its colocation with two weedy dandelion species, Taraxacum brevicorniculatum (TB) and the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale, TO). TB is often present as a seed contaminant within TK accessions, while TO is a pandemic weed, which may have the potential to hybridize with TK. To discriminate these species at the molecular level, and facilitate gene flow studies between the potential rubber crop, TK, and its weedy relatives, we generated genomic and marker resources for these three dandelion species. Complete chloroplast genome sequences of TK (151,338 bp), TO (151,299 bp), and TB (151,282 bp) were obtained using the Illumina GAII and MiSeq platforms. Chloroplast sequences were analyzed and annotated for all the three species. Phylogenetic analysis within Asteraceae showed that TK has a closer genetic distance to TB than to TO and Taraxacum species were most closely related to lettuce (Lactuca sativa). By sequencing multiple genotypes for each species and testing variants using gel-based methods, four chloroplast Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) variants were found to be fixed between TK and TO in large populations, and between TB and TO. Additionally, Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) resources developed for TO and TK permitted the identification of five nuclear species-specific SNP markers. The availability of chloroplast genomes of these three dandelion species, as well as chloroplast and nuclear molecular markers, will provide a powerful genetic resource for germplasm differentiation and purification, and the study of potential gene flow among Taraxacum species.

ACS Style

Yingxiao Zhang; Brian J. Iaffaldano; Xiaofeng Zhuang; John Cardina; Katrina Cornish. Chloroplast genome resources and molecular markers differentiate rubber dandelion species from weedy relatives. BMC Plant Biology 2017, 17, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Yingxiao Zhang, Brian J. Iaffaldano, Xiaofeng Zhuang, John Cardina, Katrina Cornish. Chloroplast genome resources and molecular markers differentiate rubber dandelion species from weedy relatives. BMC Plant Biology. 2017; 17 (1):1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yingxiao Zhang; Brian J. Iaffaldano; Xiaofeng Zhuang; John Cardina; Katrina Cornish. 2017. "Chloroplast genome resources and molecular markers differentiate rubber dandelion species from weedy relatives." BMC Plant Biology 17, no. 1: 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2013 in Invasive Plant Science and Management
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Privet has escaped from cultivation and is invading natural areas throughout eastern North America. Understanding the pattern of invasion over time could help us develop more efficient management strategies. We studied the invasion history and spatial distribution pattern of privet by mapping age and spatial data for established patches in a 132-ha (326 ac) forested natural area in northeast Ohio. We determined the age of 331 geo-referenced patches by counting annual rings, and mapped them with corresponding land habitat. Age distribution and cumulative number of privet patches over about 40 yr showed three phases of invasion. The initial 19-yr lag phase was characterized as a dispersed spatial pattern (based on nearest neighbor analysis), with patches located mostly at edges of different habitats and open places. In a second phase of about 15 yr, an average of 19 patches were initiated yearly, in a pattern that trended towards clustered. The final phase began around 2007, as the rate of new patch establishment declined, possibly because of saturation of the suitable habitat. Establishment of new patches was not associated with specific habitats. Aggregation of patches with similar ages increased after 1998 and became significantly clustered. Mapping of clusters of old and young patches identified invasion hot spots and barriers. Results affirmed that the best time for invasive control is during the lag phase. By monitoring edge habitats associated with early establishment, managers might detect and control early invaders and delay the onset of the expansion phase.

ACS Style

Wanying Zhao; Charles Goebel; John Cardina. Temporal and Spatial Pattern of a Privet (Ligustrum vulgare) Invasion. Invasive Plant Science and Management 2013, 6, 310 -319.

AMA Style

Wanying Zhao, Charles Goebel, John Cardina. Temporal and Spatial Pattern of a Privet (Ligustrum vulgare) Invasion. Invasive Plant Science and Management. 2013; 6 (2):310-319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wanying Zhao; Charles Goebel; John Cardina. 2013. "Temporal and Spatial Pattern of a Privet (Ligustrum vulgare) Invasion." Invasive Plant Science and Management 6, no. 2: 310-319.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2011 in Weed Technology
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We studied the emergence phenology of large and smooth crabgrass in lawn and bare soil environments and identified ornamental plants as phenological indicators that predict the progress of emergence. From 2002 to 2004, we monitored emergence of large and smooth crabgrass in field plots to estimate the dates of first emergence, and 25, 50 and 80% emergence. Each year, we monitored 74 taxa of ornamental plants to determine dates of first and full bloom. We compiled dates of weed emergence and ornamental blooming to create a biological calendar of phenological events for each year, ordered by average cumulative degree days (DD) (January 1 start date, 10 C base temperature). Ornamental plant flowering events that occurred in a regular sequence before crabgrass emergence events were identified as the phenological indicators. We also evaluated DD and rule-based models for predicting crabgrass emergence and optimum time of PRE herbicide application. In general, smooth crabgrass reached each emergence stage earlier than large crabgrass. Differences in emergence between environments were not consistent over years for the two species. There was no consistent pattern in parameters for DD models predicting emergence events for either crabgrass species or environment. For published DD models, the deviation between observed and predicted emergence events ranged from 0 to > 60 d. Published rule-based predictions, though accurate in some cases, were sometimes difficult to implement. The order of ornamental plant blooming and crabgrass emergence events was generally consistent over years (R2= 0.977). The biological calendar provided useful crabgrass emergence predictions using real-time field-based indicators of sequential biological events that can help managers plan and optimize management strategies.

ACS Style

John Cardina; Catherine P. Herms; Daniel A. Herms. Phenological Indicators for Emergence of Large and Smooth Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalisandD. ischaemum). Weed Technology 2011, 25, 141 -150.

AMA Style

John Cardina, Catherine P. Herms, Daniel A. Herms. Phenological Indicators for Emergence of Large and Smooth Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalisandD. ischaemum). Weed Technology. 2011; 25 (1):141-150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Cardina; Catherine P. Herms; Daniel A. Herms. 2011. "Phenological Indicators for Emergence of Large and Smooth Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalisandD. ischaemum)." Weed Technology 25, no. 1: 141-150.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2009 in Weed Science
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The compositions of the germinable weed seedbank and aboveground weed communities in a long-term tillage and rotation study were characterized 4, 5, and 6 yr (2002 to 2004) after the adoption of glyphosate-tolerant corn and soybean. Averaged across rotation, mean germinable weed seed density and diversity were greatest in the no-tillage treatment as compared to the minimum- and conventional-tillage treatments. Averaged over tillage, density and diversity were greater in the corn–oat–hay (ryegrass + alfalfa) system as compared to the continuous corn and corn–soybean rotations. Similar trends in density and diversity were observed for the aboveground weed communities. Differences in community composition among treatments were quantified with the use of a multiresponse permutation procedure. Results indicated that the weed seedbank community in a corn–oat–hay rotational system differed from the communities associated with the continuous corn and corn–soybean rotational systems. Weed seedbank communities developing under a no-tillage operation differed from those in minimum- and conventional-tillage scenarios. Compositional differences among the aboveground weed communities were less pronounced in response to tillage and rotation. Indicator species analyses indicated that the number of significant indicator weed species was generally higher for no tillage than minimum or conventional tillage for both the seedbank and the aboveground weed communities. The number of significant indicator species for the seedbank and weed communities was generally greater in the three-crop rotation as compared to the continuous corn and corn–soybean rotations. The trends observed in density, diversity, and community composition after the adoption of glyphosate-tolerant corn and soybeans, and a glyphosate-dominated weed management program, were also observed when soil-applied herbicides were included in the study. We suggest that the switch to a POST-glyphosate protocol did not significantly alter weed communities in the short term in this study.

ACS Style

Lynn M. Sosnoskie; Catherine P. Herms; John Cardina; Theodore M. Webster. Seedbank and Emerged Weed Communities Following Adoption of Glyphosate-Resistant Crops in a Long-Term Tillage and Rotation Study. Weed Science 2009, 57, 261 -270.

AMA Style

Lynn M. Sosnoskie, Catherine P. Herms, John Cardina, Theodore M. Webster. Seedbank and Emerged Weed Communities Following Adoption of Glyphosate-Resistant Crops in a Long-Term Tillage and Rotation Study. Weed Science. 2009; 57 (3):261-270.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynn M. Sosnoskie; Catherine P. Herms; John Cardina; Theodore M. Webster. 2009. "Seedbank and Emerged Weed Communities Following Adoption of Glyphosate-Resistant Crops in a Long-Term Tillage and Rotation Study." Weed Science 57, no. 3: 261-270.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2006 in Weed Science
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Knowledge about how the type, timing, and arrangement of cultural practices influence weed species composition is important for understanding the ecological results of control strategies and designing alternative crop management systems. We evaluated weed seed density, diversity, and community composition from 1997 to 1999 in a 35-yr-old study comparing cropping sequences (continuous corn, corn–soybean, corn–oat–hay) and tillage systems (conventional, minimum, and no-tillage) in Wooster, OH. Weed seedbank diversity, as measured by species richness (S), evenness (J), and the Shannon–Weiner index (H′), was influenced by crop diversity; mean values for each of the indices were generally higher for all combinations of the three-crop sequence than for the corn monoculture or the corn–soybean rotation. Except for 1998, mean seed density (to a depth of 10 cm) was higher in continuous cornthan in corn and soybean rotationsSpecies richness and seed density were also affected by tillage. Mean values forand mean germinable seedswere greatest in the no-tillage system, where the soil was disturbed only by the coulter units of the planter. Differences in weed seedbank community composition among tillage and rotation treatments were examined using two multivariate analyses. Using a multiresponse permutation procedure and canonical discriminant analysis, results suggest that the weed seed community in a corn–oat–hay rotational system differs in structure and composition from communities associated with continuous corn and corn–soybean systems. Additionally, germinable weed seed communities in no-tillage differed in composition from those in conventional and minimum tillage. Crop sequence and tillage system influenced weed species density and diversity and therefore community structure. Manipulation of these factors could help reduce the negative impact of weeds on crop production.

ACS Style

Lynn Sosnoskie; Catherine P. Herms; John Cardina. Weed seedbank community composition in a 35-yr-old tillage and rotation experiment. Weed Science 2006, 54, 263 -273.

AMA Style

Lynn Sosnoskie, Catherine P. Herms, John Cardina. Weed seedbank community composition in a 35-yr-old tillage and rotation experiment. Weed Science. 2006; 54 (2):263-273.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lynn Sosnoskie; Catherine P. Herms; John Cardina. 2006. "Weed seedbank community composition in a 35-yr-old tillage and rotation experiment." Weed Science 54, no. 2: 263-273.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2005 in Biological Invasions
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Invasive plant survey methods that are practical and economical are needed to describe established colonies and detect nascent invaders. We compared results from random and roadside surveys of Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande across a 5730-ha subwatershed. The random survey included 150 1-ha plots; the roadside survey examined 0.1-mile increments (10-m deep) along paved roads (totaling 1104 0.16-ha plots). In the random survey, agriculture was the dominant land use (49% of sampled area), and most A. petiolata patches were in wooded, shaded riparian, and waste areas (34%, 34%, and 29% of patches, respectively). In the roadside survey, right-of-way land use was dominant (38% of sampled area), and most A. petiolata patches were in right-of-way, wooded, and shaded riparian areas (53%, 22%, and 19% of patches, respectively). According to generalized linear model analysis, survey methods did not differ in the overall probability of finding A. petiolata (P=0.17 and 0.11 for random and roadside surveys, respectively). Shaded riparian, wooded, and mixed-species right-of-way land uses were the dominant habitat for A. petiolata in both surveys, but only the random survey indicated waste areas as significant habitat. Alliaria petiolata occurred mostly as small patches in roadsides, but as large patches in random plots, suggesting faster spread in the roadside. Results indicated that disturbed lands along roadsides were important for invasion and spread of A. petiolata; therefore, the roadside survey was a useful, practical method for detecting nascent invasions and management planning. The random sampling lacked a land use bias, and provided data that could be generalized across the subwatershed; however, this method required at least four times more person hours to complete than the roadside survey for a similar amount of area. Although roadside sampling did not provide a completely reliable assessment of target plant populations within the landscape, it may provide an adequate approximation, depending on the specific goals of the survey. Concurrent surveys would provide the most complete information.

ACS Style

William D. Shuster; Catherine P. Herms; Mark N. Frey; Douglas J. Doohan; John Cardina. Comparison of survey methods for an invasive plant at the subwatershed level. Biological Invasions 2005, 7, 393 -403.

AMA Style

William D. Shuster, Catherine P. Herms, Mark N. Frey, Douglas J. Doohan, John Cardina. Comparison of survey methods for an invasive plant at the subwatershed level. Biological Invasions. 2005; 7 (3):393-403.

Chicago/Turabian Style

William D. Shuster; Catherine P. Herms; Mark N. Frey; Douglas J. Doohan; John Cardina. 2005. "Comparison of survey methods for an invasive plant at the subwatershed level." Biological Invasions 7, no. 3: 393-403.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2005 in HortTechnology
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Common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) is an increasingly important weed in strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa), a crop in which open space within and between rows is susceptible to infestations. Cultivation, hand hoeing, and registered herbicide are only partially effective in controlling common groundsel, and tolerance or resistance to herbicides is common in this species. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to identify and select herbicides for controlling common groundsel in newly planted strawberries. Herbicides applied to strawberries within 1 week after planting in 2000 were: terbacil and simazine alone and tank mixed with napropamide; pendimethalin, dimethenamid, metolachlor, ethofumesate and sulfentrazone. Based on selectivity and efficacy observed in this preliminary experiment, sulfentrazone and flumiclorac were selected for further evaluation in 2001 and 2002. Strawberry tolerance of sulfentrazone and flumiclorac 1, 3, 6, and 18 weeks after application (WAA) was similar to that of the registered herbicides terbacil and napropamide, but injury was greater than in hand weeded plots. Plants sprayed with 300 g·ha–1 (4.3 oz/acre) sulfentrazone produced yields similar to terbacil treated plants, but with less plant stunting. Tolerance of newly planted `Allstar' and `Jewel' was affected by the interaction of soil pH and sulfentrazone rate. Plant stunting 3 WAA increased with sulfentrazone rate, reaching 68 and 61% in `Allstar' and `Jewel', respectively, with the highest rate [400 g·ha–1 (5.7 oz/acre)] and high soil pH (7). `Allstar' grown in low pH (5) and treated with sulfentrazone (400 g·ha–1) showed only 8% stunting, whereas `Jewel' was not stunted 3 WAA at the same rate and pH. Both cultivars recovered (50% less stunting) from the severe injury observed when sulfentrazone was applied to high pH soils. However, at low pH both cultivars were stunted more at 6 WAA than at 3 WAA. Plant diameter for both cultivars was 25% higher when they were grown in the lower soil pH. Fruit yield was not affected by the sulfentrazone rates evaluated (0 to 400 g·ha–1). Sulfentrazone was active at four stages of common groundsel growth: preemergence (PRE), cotyledon (COT), early post (EPOST) seedlings at the four-leaf stage, and late post (LPOST) seedlings at the10-leaf stage. The calculated 50% growth reduction (GR50) value for PRE and COT stages was 50 g·ha–1 (0.7 oz/acre), whereas the GR50 for EPOST and LPOST stages was 100 g·ha–1 (1.4 oz/acre). Sulfentrazone controlled common groundsel when applied PRE and COT, but at EPOST and LPOST stages sulfentrazone did not provide complete control, although plant height was reduced 80% to 90% compared to untreated plants. Results indicated that common groundsel is controlled in the field with 150 and 300 g·ha–1 (2.1 and 4.3 oz/acre) of sulfentrazone applied before seedling emergence. The least strawberry injury occurred when sulfentrazone was applied immediately after transplanting at 150 and 300 g·ha–1, although crop tolerance was reduced under conditions of high soil pH (>6.5) and varied with cultivar.

ACS Style

Rodrigo Figueroa; Douglas Doohan; John Cardina. Efficacy and Selectivity of Promising Herbicides for Common Groundsel Control in Newly Established Strawberry. HortTechnology 2005, 15, 261 -266.

AMA Style

Rodrigo Figueroa, Douglas Doohan, John Cardina. Efficacy and Selectivity of Promising Herbicides for Common Groundsel Control in Newly Established Strawberry. HortTechnology. 2005; 15 (2):261-266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodrigo Figueroa; Douglas Doohan; John Cardina. 2005. "Efficacy and Selectivity of Promising Herbicides for Common Groundsel Control in Newly Established Strawberry." HortTechnology 15, no. 2: 261-266.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 1999 in Journal of Environmental Quality
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ACS Style

John Cardina. Fields of Change, A New Crop of American Farmers Finds Alternatives to Pesticides. Journal of Environmental Quality 1999, 28, 1385 -1386.

AMA Style

John Cardina. Fields of Change, A New Crop of American Farmers Finds Alternatives to Pesticides. Journal of Environmental Quality. 1999; 28 (4):1385-1386.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Cardina. 1999. "Fields of Change, A New Crop of American Farmers Finds Alternatives to Pesticides." Journal of Environmental Quality 28, no. 4: 1385-1386.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 1999 in Journal of Environmental Quality
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ACS Style

John Cardina. Integrated Weed and Soil Management. Journal of Environmental Quality 1999, 28, 1042 -1043.

AMA Style

John Cardina. Integrated Weed and Soil Management. Journal of Environmental Quality. 1999; 28 (3):1042-1043.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Cardina. 1999. "Integrated Weed and Soil Management." Journal of Environmental Quality 28, no. 3: 1042-1043.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 1997 in Weed Science
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The impact of seed production by subthreshold weed populations on future weed problems has impeded the adoption of integrated pest-management principles for weed management. Studies were conducted in fields with no velvetleaf history to determine how seedbanks and seedling populations change following seed production 1 yr or 5 consecutive yr in plow-disk and no-tillage corn. Cumulative seed production by 0.19 velvetleaf plants m−2increased in a linear fashion from 1989 to 1994, with annual additions averaging from 330 seeds m−2for velvetleaf in corn to 2,500 seeds m−2for velvetleaf without competition from corn. Five-year cumulative seed production was 1,480 seeds m−2in plow-disk and 1,810 seeds m−2in no-till corn. In no-till corn, 42 velvetleaf seedlings m−2emerged the 1st year after the 1989 seed rain, but only 35 seedlings m−2emerged over the next 4 yr. In plow-disk plots, annual emergence averaged 12 seedlings m−2. Five years after the 1989 seed rain, the proportion of seeds lost to emergence was about 20% in both tillage treatments. Where velvetleaf seeds were allowed to return to the soil every year, cumulative seedling emergence was lower in plow-disk than in no-till corn, with total emergence of 70 and 360 seedlings m−2, respectively, after 5 yr. Seedbank numbers ranged from 10 seeds m−25 yr after a single seed rain (290 seeds m−2) by velvetleaf in plow-disk corn to 1,020 seeds m−2following 5 consecutive yr of seed rain where 12,580 seeds m−2were returned without corn competition in no-till. Seedbank samples in the fall of the 5th year had 69 to 98% fewer seeds than were accounted for by cumulative seed rain and seedling emergence, with greater apparent seed losses in plow-disk corn than in no-till corn. Over 90% velvetleaf control would be required annually to maintain subthreshold populations for 5 yr following a single seed rain. By comparison, over 95% control would be required annually to maintain subthreshold populations where velvetleaf seed return is permitted each year.

ACS Style

John Cardina; Heather M. Norquay. Seed production and seedbank dynamics in subthreshold velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) populations. Weed Science 1997, 45, 85 -90.

AMA Style

John Cardina, Heather M. Norquay. Seed production and seedbank dynamics in subthreshold velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) populations. Weed Science. 1997; 45 (1):85-90.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Cardina; Heather M. Norquay. 1997. "Seed production and seedbank dynamics in subthreshold velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) populations." Weed Science 45, no. 1: 85-90.