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The intimate relationship between sampling efficiency and Taylor's power law (TPL) was investigated with gypsy moth sample data. The data were used to compute sampling efficiency directly and indirectly by TPL. Comparison of TPLs and efficiency plots of male and female pupae confirmed the identities linking TPL with sampling efficiency. Divergence of sex‐specific TPL plots indicated local scale density‐dependent sex ratio. Egg mass sample data confirmed the sampling efficiency and TPL identities provided the same variance and mean vectors were used to compute TPLs. Small differences in sample numbers destroy the identities but approximate efficiency estimates are still obtainable from the TPLs. Sampling efficiency of timed walks, fixed area and variable area surveys were estimated and ranked. Rescaling moth catches per trap to number per unit volume changes slope, intercept and correlation coefficient while stretching the pattern of data points. Comparison of absolute density estimates over two different time intervals showed density‐dependent variation declining with increasing sample interval. Fitting power laws by ordinary dependent regression is less efficient than fitting by geometric mean regression and produces biased regression parameters. The significance of this for the analysis and interpretation of ecological sample data generally is discussed.
R. A. J. Taylor. Spatial distribution, sampling efficiency and Taylor's power law. 2. Interpreting density‐dependent sampling efficiency. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 2020, 23, 173 -188.
AMA StyleR. A. J. Taylor. Spatial distribution, sampling efficiency and Taylor's power law. 2. Interpreting density‐dependent sampling efficiency. Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 2020; 23 (2):173-188.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. A. J. Taylor. 2020. "Spatial distribution, sampling efficiency and Taylor's power law. 2. Interpreting density‐dependent sampling efficiency." Agricultural and Forest Entomology 23, no. 2: 173-188.
The growth of plants and insects occurs only above a minimum temperature threshold. In insects, the growth rate depends on the temperature above the threshold up to a maximum. In plants the growth rate above the threshold generally depends on the availability of sunlight. Thus, the relative growth rates of crops and insect phytophages are expected to differ between temperature regimes. We should therefore expect insect pest pressure at a location to change with climate warming. In this study, we used actual and simulated climate data developed for the IPCC 4th Assessment Report to drive linked plant and insect growth models to examine likely changes in insect-crop interaction. Projections of insect-crop dynamics through the 21st century suggest increases in pest pressure over much of the American Midwest, which could result in substantial increases in pesticide use to maintain productivity. Thus, climate warming could cause an increase in agriculture’s carbon footprint.
R. A. J. Taylor; Daniel A. Herms; John Cardina; Richard H. Moore. Climate Change and Pest Management: Unanticipated Consequences of Trophic Dislocation. Agronomy 2018, 8, 7 .
AMA StyleR. A. J. Taylor, Daniel A. Herms, John Cardina, Richard H. Moore. Climate Change and Pest Management: Unanticipated Consequences of Trophic Dislocation. Agronomy. 2018; 8 (1):7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. A. J. Taylor; Daniel A. Herms; John Cardina; Richard H. Moore. 2018. "Climate Change and Pest Management: Unanticipated Consequences of Trophic Dislocation." Agronomy 8, no. 1: 7.
1. A relationship between sampling efficiency and Taylor's power law (TPL) is derived and illustrated with data from gypsy moth samples taken in Pennsylvania. 2. It is shown that attractant traps such as pheromone and light traps may exhibit density-dependent sampling efficiency which can influence the parameters of TPL. 3. Comparison of the light trap and pheromone trap sample data with those of a standardised suction trap enables the attractant traps to be standardised. 4. Rescaling male moth catches per trap to number per unit volume increases the slope, intercept and correlation coefficient while stretching the pattern of data points. 5. Density-dependent sampling efficiency of attractant traps shows how TPL is sensitive to spatial aggregation behaviour as well as other life-history variables.
R. A. J. Taylor. Spatial distribution, sampling efficiency and Taylor's power law. Ecological Entomology 2017, 43, 215 -225.
AMA StyleR. A. J. Taylor. Spatial distribution, sampling efficiency and Taylor's power law. Ecological Entomology. 2017; 43 (2):215-225.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. A. J. Taylor. 2017. "Spatial distribution, sampling efficiency and Taylor's power law." Ecological Entomology 43, no. 2: 215-225.
Computer-monitored flight mills were used to record the flight performance of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire. Flight performance of fed and unfed, and mated and unmated beetles of both sexes were recorded and compared. Mated females flew further per day and longer than unmated females or males. Mated females that were allowed to feed between flight periods flew an average of 1.3 km/day for four days; 10% flew more than 7 km/day. Measurements of free-flight speed using a mirror and a high-speed camera were used to calibrate the flight mill results, permitting absolute estimates of flight performance to be made. Free-flight speeds were approximately three times the speeds recorded by the flight mills. The median corrected distance flown by mated females was >3 km with 20% flying >10 km and 1% flying >20 km. The flight performance of mated females suggests a considerable capacity for range expansion by this invasive species. The implications for quarantine and control are discussed.
R. A. J. Taylor; Leah S. Bauer; Therese Poland; Keith N. Windell. Flight Performance of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on a Flight Mill and in Free Flight. Journal of Insect Behavior 2010, 23, 128 -148.
AMA StyleR. A. J. Taylor, Leah S. Bauer, Therese Poland, Keith N. Windell. Flight Performance of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on a Flight Mill and in Free Flight. Journal of Insect Behavior. 2010; 23 (2):128-148.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. A. J. Taylor; Leah S. Bauer; Therese Poland; Keith N. Windell. 2010. "Flight Performance of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on a Flight Mill and in Free Flight." Journal of Insect Behavior 23, no. 2: 128-148.
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is the most frequently occurring virus in tomatoes in the Middle East, and the most harmful one. It is transmitted solely by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Within 4–6h of inoculative feeding, a whitefly can transmit TYLCV to a healthy plant with 80% probability. The symptoms are apparent after two to three weeks whereupon fruit-set is effectively terminated. The only means of controlling TYLCV is by controlling the whitefly. Until 1990 this was exclusively by insecticides. Starting in 1990, growers of greenhouse tomatoes in Israel began adopting insect exclusion screens to prevent inoculation of TYLCV. This article reports on the methods used in the search for efficient screening materials and presents data on their relative efficiencies in excluding B. tabaci and several other greenhouse pests. Ten materials were tested, of which five were found to be effective in excluding B. tabaciunder laboratory conditions. This number was reduced to three following field trials and trials in commercial tomato greenhouses. These materials are now in widespread use in Israel: by 2000 practically all table tomatoes in Israel were grown under exclusion screens. The use of exclusion screens has been shown to be an economically viable pest management method.
M.J. Berlinger; R.A.J. Taylor; S. Lebiush-Mordechi; S. Shalhevet; I. Spharim. Efficiency of insect exclusion screens for preventing whitefly transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus of tomatoes in Israel. Bulletin of Entomological Research 2002, 92, 367 -373.
AMA StyleM.J. Berlinger, R.A.J. Taylor, S. Lebiush-Mordechi, S. Shalhevet, I. Spharim. Efficiency of insect exclusion screens for preventing whitefly transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus of tomatoes in Israel. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 2002; 92 (5):367-373.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.J. Berlinger; R.A.J. Taylor; S. Lebiush-Mordechi; S. Shalhevet; I. Spharim. 2002. "Efficiency of insect exclusion screens for preventing whitefly transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus of tomatoes in Israel." Bulletin of Entomological Research 92, no. 5: 367-373.
M. L. Casey; D. G. Nielsen; R. K. Lindquist; R. A. J. Taylor. CONTROL OF TWOSPOTTED SPIDER MITE ON MINI-ROSE, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests 2002, 27, 1 .
AMA StyleM. L. Casey, D. G. Nielsen, R. K. Lindquist, R. A. J. Taylor. CONTROL OF TWOSPOTTED SPIDER MITE ON MINI-ROSE, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests. 2002; 27 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. L. Casey; D. G. Nielsen; R. K. Lindquist; R. A. J. Taylor. 2002. "CONTROL OF TWOSPOTTED SPIDER MITE ON MINI-ROSE, 2000." Arthropod Management Tests 27, no. 1: 1.
M. L. Casey, D. G. Nielsen, R. K. Lindquist, R. A. J. Taylor; EFFECT OF ADJUVANTS ON CONTROL BY CONSERVE OF TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITES ON IMPATIENS, 2001, Arthro
M. L. Casey; D. G. Nielsen; R. K. Lindquist; R. A. J. Taylor. EFFECT OF ADJUVANTS ON CONTROL BY CONSERVE OF TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITES ON IMPATIENS, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests 2002, 27, 1 .
AMA StyleM. L. Casey, D. G. Nielsen, R. K. Lindquist, R. A. J. Taylor. EFFECT OF ADJUVANTS ON CONTROL BY CONSERVE OF TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITES ON IMPATIENS, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests. 2002; 27 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. L. Casey; D. G. Nielsen; R. K. Lindquist; R. A. J. Taylor. 2002. "EFFECT OF ADJUVANTS ON CONTROL BY CONSERVE OF TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITES ON IMPATIENS, 2001." Arthropod Management Tests 27, no. 1: 1.
M. L. Casey, D. G. Nielsen, R. K. Lindquist, R. A. J. Taylor; CONTROL OF MEALYBUGS ON COLEUS, 2001, Arthropod Management Tests, Volume 27, Issue 1, 1 January 2
M. L. Casey; D. G. Nielsen; R. K. Lindquist; R. A. J. Taylor. CONTROL OF MEALYBUGS ON COLEUS, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests 2002, 27, 1 .
AMA StyleM. L. Casey, D. G. Nielsen, R. K. Lindquist, R. A. J. Taylor. CONTROL OF MEALYBUGS ON COLEUS, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests. 2002; 27 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. L. Casey; D. G. Nielsen; R. K. Lindquist; R. A. J. Taylor. 2002. "CONTROL OF MEALYBUGS ON COLEUS, 2001." Arthropod Management Tests 27, no. 1: 1.
M. L. Casey; D. G. Nielsen; R. K. Lindquist; R. A. J. Taylor. CONTROL OF MEALYBUGS ON IVY GERANIUMS BY FOLIAR APPLICATION AND SOIL DRENCH, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests 2002, 27, 1 .
AMA StyleM. L. Casey, D. G. Nielsen, R. K. Lindquist, R. A. J. Taylor. CONTROL OF MEALYBUGS ON IVY GERANIUMS BY FOLIAR APPLICATION AND SOIL DRENCH, 2001. Arthropod Management Tests. 2002; 27 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. L. Casey; D. G. Nielsen; R. K. Lindquist; R. A. J. Taylor. 2002. "CONTROL OF MEALYBUGS ON IVY GERANIUMS BY FOLIAR APPLICATION AND SOIL DRENCH, 2001." Arthropod Management Tests 27, no. 1: 1.
M. L. Casey; D. G. Nielsen; R. K. Lindquist; R. A. J. Taylor. CONTROL OF SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY ON POINSETTIA, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests 2002, 27, 1 .
AMA StyleM. L. Casey, D. G. Nielsen, R. K. Lindquist, R. A. J. Taylor. CONTROL OF SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY ON POINSETTIA, 2000. Arthropod Management Tests. 2002; 27 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. L. Casey; D. G. Nielsen; R. K. Lindquist; R. A. J. Taylor. 2002. "CONTROL OF SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY ON POINSETTIA, 2000." Arthropod Management Tests 27, no. 1: 1.
The major cause of crop loss of greenhouse produce in Israel is a virus disease vectored by the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. An exclusion screen developed to minimise B. tabaci entry to greenhouses has been adopted nationwide. To examine the cost effectiveness of greenhouse screening, a model was developed relating the aerial density of Bemisia tabaci, the volume of tomato production, the price of tomatoes, and the cost of screening greenhouses. Using this model, the costs and benefits of insect-exclusion screens are examined from grower and consumer perspectives. The introduction of screening has proved cost-effective for both consumers and growers. As a result of the smaller tomato crops from 1980 to 1990, Israeli consumers spent on average between $r;15 M and $32 M per year more on tomatoes than they would have if the greenhouses had been screened at that time. The introduction of screening resulted in windfall profits for early adopters of the technology who benefited from the price inflation with their larger yields. Because the cost of harvesting declined with yield and the demand for tomatoes is inelastic, the average regional revenue varied very little from 1980 to 1990, except for 1986. From 1990 to 98, the average regional value continued to remain stable as the proportion of screened winter crop increased to 100% compensating for the declining productivity of the unscreened crop.
R.A.J Taylor; Sarit Shalhevet; Ishai Spharim; Menachem J Berlinger; Sarah Lebiush-Mordechi. Economic evaluation of insect-proof screens for preventing tomato yellow leaf curl virus of tomatoes in Israel. Crop Protection 2001, 20, 561 -569.
AMA StyleR.A.J Taylor, Sarit Shalhevet, Ishai Spharim, Menachem J Berlinger, Sarah Lebiush-Mordechi. Economic evaluation of insect-proof screens for preventing tomato yellow leaf curl virus of tomatoes in Israel. Crop Protection. 2001; 20 (7):561-569.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR.A.J Taylor; Sarit Shalhevet; Ishai Spharim; Menachem J Berlinger; Sarah Lebiush-Mordechi. 2001. "Economic evaluation of insect-proof screens for preventing tomato yellow leaf curl virus of tomatoes in Israel." Crop Protection 20, no. 7: 561-569.
A novel method for delivering the systemic insecticide acephate was tested with chrysanthemums and gerbera daisies. The method involves applying the insecticide to the interior surface of plant pots in paint. Two paints were tested, a latex paint and SpinOut, a paint already in use for controlling plant growth. The SpinOut used lacked the cupric hydroxide component used to limit root elongation. Acephate, in the form of Orthene WPS, was applied to the pots in two separate experiments. The first was a dose-response experiment with four rates (0, 5, 15, and 25 mg/pot) to test the efficacy of acephate in paint using caged melon aphids on chrysanthemum plants conducted over a 23 day period. In this experiment Orthene in paint was also compared with a granular acephate formulation, Pinpoint 15G. The second was conducted on gerbera over 60 days and tested the efficacy of Orthene-painted pots in controlling caged melon aphids and free-flying western flower thrips and silverleaf whiteflies. In this experiment 5 rates (0, 8, 41.25, 82.5, and 165 mg/pot) of Orthene were used. In both experiments the efficacy of Orthene was compared with that of the standard rate of Pinpoint (165 mg/pot). In addition to efficacy, a marketability score of the plants and the phytotoxic effects of the two formulations were compared. Results showed that applying acephate in painted pots is a viable alternative to granular application. It reduced the effects of phytotoxicity, at equivalent rates lasts as long as the granular application, and at lower rates provides improved control over melon aphids, western flower thrips, and silverleaf whiteflies. Interestingly, the paint used may have an effect. Better control was obtained with Orthene in latex paint at lower rates and for longer than Orthene in SpinOut. It is not clear whether this was due to toxicity of latex paint, better release of acephate from latex, or possibly a synergistic effect of the latex paint.
Claudio Pasian; R.A.J Taylor; Robert W McMahon; Richard K Lindquist. New method of acephate application to potted plants for control of Aphis gossypii, Frankliniella occidentalis and Bemisia tabaci. Crop Protection 2000, 19, 263 -271.
AMA StyleClaudio Pasian, R.A.J Taylor, Robert W McMahon, Richard K Lindquist. New method of acephate application to potted plants for control of Aphis gossypii, Frankliniella occidentalis and Bemisia tabaci. Crop Protection. 2000; 19 (4):263-271.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaudio Pasian; R.A.J Taylor; Robert W McMahon; Richard K Lindquist. 2000. "New method of acephate application to potted plants for control of Aphis gossypii, Frankliniella occidentalis and Bemisia tabaci." Crop Protection 19, no. 4: 263-271.
The oleander scale, Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, is a polyphagous, cosmopolitan species almost always present on jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider, in its native Sonora desert and on plants introduced to Israel's Negev desert. Monthly samples of oleander scale taken at an experimental field at Omer, in the northern Negev, showed that the overall population of the scale has 2 prominent peaks; one in spring and the other in autumn. There was a marked reduction of the population in the period May–August when jojoba fruits ripen. Data on the abundance of immature stages suggested 3 generations annually. Comparison of scale densities on male and female jojoba plants showed no difference in overall density. However, the sex ratio of 2nd instars heavily favored females on male plants. This difference was significant in 8 of 13 mo, as was a weighted average over the whole period. The distribution of male and female 2nd instars on the upper and lower side of leaves differed significantly in 7 of 12 mo, although not when the whole year was considered. Analysis of the spatial distribution of scales by Taylor's power law showed that the scale distribution is highly aggregated on jojoba. On irrigated and fertilized plants the scale density was very high, whereas on untreated plants the scale was almost absent, suggesting that cultivation is responsible for the large oleander scale populations on jojoba. Despite its high density on jojoba, oleander scale has not emerged as an economic pest in either Israel or the United States. A conjecture is offered to explain this.
M. J. Berlinger; Luciano Segre; Hagai Podoler; R. A. J. Taylor. Distribution and Abundance of the Oleander Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on Jojoba. Journal of Economic Entomology 1999, 92, 1113 -1119.
AMA StyleM. J. Berlinger, Luciano Segre, Hagai Podoler, R. A. J. Taylor. Distribution and Abundance of the Oleander Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on Jojoba. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1999; 92 (5):1113-1119.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. J. Berlinger; Luciano Segre; Hagai Podoler; R. A. J. Taylor. 1999. "Distribution and Abundance of the Oleander Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on Jojoba." Journal of Economic Entomology 92, no. 5: 1113-1119.
R. K. Lindquist; M. L. Casey; T. Moore; R. A. J. Taylor. CONTROL OF WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS ON GERBERA, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests 1999, 24, 1 .
AMA StyleR. K. Lindquist, M. L. Casey, T. Moore, R. A. J. Taylor. CONTROL OF WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS ON GERBERA, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests. 1999; 24 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. K. Lindquist; M. L. Casey; T. Moore; R. A. J. Taylor. 1999. "CONTROL OF WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS ON GERBERA, 1998." Arthropod Management Tests 24, no. 1: 1.
R. K. Lindquist; R. A. J. Taylor; M. L. Casey; T. Moore. CONTROL OF SPIDER MITE ON DAHLIA, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests 1999, 24, 1 .
AMA StyleR. K. Lindquist, R. A. J. Taylor, M. L. Casey, T. Moore. CONTROL OF SPIDER MITE ON DAHLIA, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests. 1999; 24 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. K. Lindquist; R. A. J. Taylor; M. L. Casey; T. Moore. 1999. "CONTROL OF SPIDER MITE ON DAHLIA, 1998." Arthropod Management Tests 24, no. 1: 1.
K. Lindquist, M. L. Casey, R. T. Moore, R. A. J. Taylor; CONTROL OF WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS ON ASTER, 1998, Arthropod Management Tests, Volume 24, Issue 1, 1 Jan
K. Lindquist; R. T. Moore; R. A. J. Taylor; M. L. Casey. CONTROL OF WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS ON ASTER, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests 1999, 24, 1 .
AMA StyleK. Lindquist, R. T. Moore, R. A. J. Taylor, M. L. Casey. CONTROL OF WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS ON ASTER, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests. 1999; 24 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleK. Lindquist; R. T. Moore; R. A. J. Taylor; M. L. Casey. 1999. "CONTROL OF WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS ON ASTER, 1998." Arthropod Management Tests 24, no. 1: 1.
R. K. Lindquist, M. L. Casey, T. Moore, R. A. J. Taylor; CONTROL OF TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE, WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS, AND MELON APHID ON MINI-ROSES, 1998, Arthro
R. K. Lindquist; R. A. J. Taylor; M. L. Casey; T. Moore. CONTROL OF TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE, WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS, AND MELON APHID ON MINI-ROSES, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests 1999, 24, 1 .
AMA StyleR. K. Lindquist, R. A. J. Taylor, M. L. Casey, T. Moore. CONTROL OF TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE, WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS, AND MELON APHID ON MINI-ROSES, 1998. Arthropod Management Tests. 1999; 24 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. K. Lindquist; R. A. J. Taylor; M. L. Casey; T. Moore. 1999. "CONTROL OF TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE, WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS, AND MELON APHID ON MINI-ROSES, 1998." Arthropod Management Tests 24, no. 1: 1.
R.A.J. Taylor; R. K. Lindquist; J. L. Shipp. Variation and Consistency in Spatial Distribution as Measured by Taylor's Power Law. Environmental Entomology 1998, 27, 191 -201.
AMA StyleR.A.J. Taylor, R. K. Lindquist, J. L. Shipp. Variation and Consistency in Spatial Distribution as Measured by Taylor's Power Law. Environmental Entomology. 1998; 27 (2):191-201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR.A.J. Taylor; R. K. Lindquist; J. L. Shipp. 1998. "Variation and Consistency in Spatial Distribution as Measured by Taylor's Power Law." Environmental Entomology 27, no. 2: 191-201.
M. J. Berlinger; Nina Lehmann-Sigura; R. A. J. Taylor. Survival of Bemisia tabaci adults under different climatic conditions. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 1996, 80, 511 -519.
AMA StyleM. J. Berlinger, Nina Lehmann-Sigura, R. A. J. Taylor. Survival of Bemisia tabaci adults under different climatic conditions. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 1996; 80 (3):511-519.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. J. Berlinger; Nina Lehmann-Sigura; R. A. J. Taylor. 1996. "Survival of Bemisia tabaci adults under different climatic conditions." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 80, no. 3: 511-519.
M. J. Berlinger; R. Dahan; S. Lebiush-Mordechai; Beke Lok-Van Dijk; R.A.J. Taylor. Indicator Plants for Monitoring Pest Population Growth. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 1996, 89, 611 -622.
AMA StyleM. J. Berlinger, R. Dahan, S. Lebiush-Mordechai, Beke Lok-Van Dijk, R.A.J. Taylor. Indicator Plants for Monitoring Pest Population Growth. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 1996; 89 (5):611-622.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. J. Berlinger; R. Dahan; S. Lebiush-Mordechai; Beke Lok-Van Dijk; R.A.J. Taylor. 1996. "Indicator Plants for Monitoring Pest Population Growth." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 89, no. 5: 611-622.