Computer vision systems have demonstrated to be useful in applications of autonomous navigation, especially with the use of stereo vision systems for the three-dimensional mapping of the environment. This article presents a novel camera calibration method to improve the accuracy of stereo vision systems for three-dimensional point localization. The proposed camera calibration method uses the least square method to model the error caused by the image digitalization and the lens distortion. To obtain particular three-dimensional point coordinates, the stereo vision systems use the information of two images taken by two different cameras. Then, the system locates the two-dimensional pixel coordinates of the three-dimensional point in both images and coverts them into angles. With the obtained angles, the system finds the three-dimensional point coordinates through a triangulation process. The proposed camera calibration method is applied in the stereo vision systems, and a comparative analysis between the real and calibrated three-dimensional data points is performed to validate the improvements. Moreover, the developed method is compared with three classical calibration methods to analyze their advantages in terms of accuracy with respect to tested methods.

The growing demand for renewable energy positions it as a cornerstone for climate change mitigation and greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Although renewable energy sources generate around 30% of global electricity, their production and deployment involve significant environmental challenges. This review analyzes renewable energy projects from a life cycle perspective, focusing on environmental impacts throughout the supply chain. Particular emphasis is placed on the energy-intensive nature of manufacturing phases, which account for 60% to 80% of total emissions. The extraction of critical raw materials such as neodymium, dysprosium, indium, tellurium, and silicon is associated with emission levels ranging from 0.02 to 0.09 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt-hour for rare earth elements, along with an estimated average land degradation of 0.2 hectares per megawatt installed. Furthermore, the production of solar-grade silicon for photovoltaic panels consumes approximately 293 kilowatt-hours of electricity per kilogram, significantly contributing to the overall environmental footprint. Through a comprehensive review of the existing literature, this study integrates life cycle assessment and sustainable supply chain management approaches to identify environmental hotspots, quantify emissions, and propose strategic improvements. The analysis provides a structured, systematized, and data-driven evaluation, highlighting the relevance of circular economy principles, advanced recycling technologies, and digital innovations to enhance sustainability, traceability, and resilience in renewable energy supply chains. This work offers actionable insights for decision-makers and policymakers to guide the low-carbon transition.

The foot is considered a wonder of biological engineering due to its structure, formed by bones, ligaments, and tendons that collaborate to ensure stability and mobility. A key area often examined by medical professionals in patients with diabetic feet is the plantar surface, due to the risk of ulcer development. If left untreated, these ulcers can lead to severe complications, including amputation of the toe, foot, or even the limb. Interpolation methods are used to find areas with overloads in a system of sensor maps that are based on capacitive, load cells, or force-sensitive resistors (FSRs). This manuscript presents the assessment of linear, nearest neighbors, and bicubic methods in comparison with ground truth to calculate the root mean square error (RMSE) in two assessments using a dataset of eight healthy subjects, four men and four women, with an average age of 25 years, height of 1.63 m, and weight of 72 kg with shoe sizes from 7.3 USA using FSR map with 48 sensors. Additionally, this paper describes the conditioning circuit development to implement a plantar surface system that enables interpolating loads on the plantar surface. The proposed system’s results show that the first assessment indicates an RMSE of 0.089, 0.126, and 0.089 for linear, nearest neighbor, and bicubic methods, while the second assessment shows a mean RMSE for linear, nearest neighbor, and bicubic methods of 0.114, 0.159, and 0.112.

Individuals’ lifestyles are affected by valgus and varus deformities in the rearfoot, causing pain in the joints and plantar surface due to the misalignment between the tibial and calcaneus. In orthopedics, medical professionals measure this misalignment by using X-ray systems and goniometers. The X-ray emits ionizing radiation that can cause damage through cumulative exposure over a lifetime, whereas the goniometer will produce measurement errors. This patent review conducted a technological search of systems and methods across various databases using inclusion and exclusion criteria. These thirty-five obtained patents provide valuable information about mechanical, electronic, and mechatronic technologies and non-ionizing radiation to evaluate valgus and varus deformities. The patents are classified into stationary mechanisms, stationary electronic devices, dynamic mechanisms, dynamic electronic devices, stationary mechatronic devices, and dynamic mechatronic devices. They are further categorized based on their measurement methods as either visual or automatic. Additionally, the patents are grouped by usage mode into sitting, standing, and walking. This patent review aims to provide medical professionals with little-known techniques for measuring and evaluating the rearfoot alignment.

Nowadays, there exists a notorious growing popularity in the implementation of optoelectronic devices in navigation. Using visual systems to obtain information about the environment or to get position of the body of interest in a three-dimensional frame is a solution that different vehicles and robotic manipulators are currently adding to their systems. This chapter provides information about inertial navigation and how to mathematically combine the information of multiple cameras or laser scanners with the INS. Therefore, the technologies that are currently implementing SVS and LSS at the date of publishment and how they are implemented in visual systems with the challenges involved in the mentioned cases are reviewed. Keywords Stereo vision Laser scanner Measurement Odometry Omnidirectional Surgery Inspection Direction cosine matrix Quaternion Camera Reference frame Mobile Mapping LIDAR Automation Feedback Line of sight Drift Structure