In vitro cultivation of Melaleuca could contribute to the cloning of superior genotypes. Studies of factors affecting micropropagation are needed, such as the interaction with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and plant growth regulators added to the culture media. This study aimed at better understanding the effects of spectra on the development and physiology of melaleuca cultivated in vitro, as well as the interaction of LEDs with the main cytokinin used in micropropagation, N6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BAP). 6-BAP, spectra, and their interaction had a significant effect on most of the variables analyzed, altering the in vitro development and chlorophyll concentrations in the plants, as well as changing different variables in the culture medium, such as pH, EC, and levels of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and P, and nutrient accumulation in the shoots. The results demonstrate that the main effects of adding BAP to the in vitro cultivation of melaleuca are an increase in the number of shoots, which resulted in greater fresh and dry masses; a reduction in height and chlorophyll content; complete inhibition of adventitious rooting; higher consumption of Mg, and lower consumption of Ca and P from the culture medium; higher content of Fe, and lower content of P, S, Mn, Cu and B in the in vitro shoot tissues.

Gold mining has been causing the most severe impacts on the soils of the Peruvian Amazon. It has created challenges for their recovery. In this context, soil amendments could play a crucial role in plant establishment in post-mining soils. The study aimed to analyze the effects of two amendments on the early plant survival and growth of seven species in the reclamation of severely degraded lands by gold mining in the Southeastern Peruvian Amazon. The study was based on a completely randomized block design, including 2-amendment treatments (T1: sawdust + island guano manure and T2: T1 + organic soil + hydrogel) and a control. The plant survivorship, height growth, diameter growth, and biomass accumulation were measured. This study found that amendments may be effective at increasing survivorship and plant growth in degraded lands by gold mining in the Peruvian Amazon. The amendments increased the survival, diameter, height, and biomass of most plant species in the study. In general, survivorship and plant growth in T2 were high compared to T1. At the end of the experiment, the highest survivorship was for an Indigofera suffruticosa and Crotalaria pallida (>80%). The diameter growth was higher in T2 than in T1. The species growing fastest in diameter (>1.5 cm) were Crotalaria cajanifolia, C. pallida and Ochroma pyramidale. Soil amendments provided similar effects on height for most species except for I. suffruticosa. Therefore, C. pallida, I. suffruticosa, C. cajanifolia and O. pyramidale are key species to be considered in reforestation and/or restoration initiatives, due to its potential to acclimate and establish itself in severely degraded areas.

El presente estudio, tuvo como objetivo determinar la influencia de procesos de desinfección, medio de cultivo y fitohormonas en el desarrollo morfogénico In vitro de explantes obtenidas a partir de semilla biológica de la especie Guazuma crinita Mart (Bolaina), el mismo que se realizó en el laboratorio de cultivo de tejidos y meristemas, de la Universidad Nacional de Ucayali. Para ello se desinfectaron las semillas con hipoclorito de sodio al 2%, por un espacio de 0, 5, 10, 15 y 20 minutos (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5). Para promover la germinación se utilizaron medios de cultivo y combinaciones de Fitogel, Fitogel + Sacarosa, Fitogel + Sacarosa + Murashige and Skoog (MS) y Fitogel + Sacarosa + ½ MS (M1, M2, M3, M4); y para la morfogénica se aplicaron cinco tratamientos de concentración de auxinas y citoquininas homogenizadas (AC1, AC2, AC3, AC4, AC5). Del estudio se obtuvo que el T5 (desinfección con hipoclorito de sodio al 2% con exposición de 20 minutos) tuvo un 95% de sobrevivencia; mientras que en la germinación, el medio M1 (Fitogel) presentó el más alto con un 72,55%; finalmente en la morfogénica se determinó que el mejor tratamiento para inducir la formación de callos es el tratamiento AC4 (Kin 12 ppm + AIB 12 ppm), para primordios radiculares el mejor tratamiento AC5 (Kin 4 ppm + AIB 12 ppm) y se logró igual cantidad de brotes con todas las combinaciones de fitohormonas utilizadas. Murashige y Skoog; fitogel; auxinas; citoquininas; callogénesis

Disinfection and callus induction in forest species is essential to improve genetic production. Although multiple methods exist, their application in forest plants requires further research. Therefore, this study focused on the effect of disinfection, leaf development and phytohormones on callus induction in Simarouba amara. The study was structured in two experiments. In the first experiment, the efficacy of leaflet disinfection was evaluated using a completely randomized design with three sodium hypochlorite treatments (0 %, 0.25 % and 0.5 %). The second experiment, focused on callus induction, was developed under a 3 x 6 factorial design, which included three stages of leaf development (young, intermediate and mature) and six combinations of phytohormones (BAP, TDZ, 2,4-D, BAP+TDZ, BAP+2,4-D, TDZ+2,4-D, all at 1 mg/L). The main results showed that 0.25 % sodium hypochlorite achieved 88.9 % asepsis, with a lower percentage of oxidation (17 %). It was observed that, combinations of BAP+2,4-D and TDZ+2,4-D promoted higher callus formation, increased callus area and fresh and dry matter production, especially in segments of intermediate leaf development stage. This study highlights the importance of adjusting disinfectant and phytohormones according to leaf development stage for successful callus induction in Simarouba amara.

The present study examined the impact of agricultural exports on economic growth in Lambayeque, Peru, during the period 2010–2023. An ordinary least squares (OLS) econometric model was employed to analyze the relationship between gross value added (GVA) and key macroeconomic variables, including agricultural exports, private investment, real wages, terms of trade, and the real multilateral exchange rate. The findings indicate that the model possesses considerable explanatory power (R² = 0.973) and that agricultural exports exert a positive and significant influence on regional GVA. In addition, private investment and real wages demonstrate positive elasticities, while terms of trade exhibit a negative relationship with regional economic growth. This highlights Lambayeque’s vulnerability to external price shocks. The study thus underscores the pivotal role of the Olmos Project, which has been instrumental in transforming arid land into fruitful agricultural zones through the implementation of an irrigation system encompassing over 22,000 hectares. This initiative has not only augmented agricultural exports, accounting for an impressive 90% of Lambayeque’s supply, but also contributed significantly to regional economic development by supporting employment generation and poverty reduction. Nevertheless, the presence of negative terms of trade indicates that the regional economy exhibits structural vulnerability in the face of external shocks. Notwithstanding the intrinsic limitations of regional, trade, and macroeconomic statistics, an understanding of the correlation between agro-exports and economic growth in a paradigmatic region of northern Peru provides substantial evidence for formulating policies to enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of the agro-export model.