The gut microbiota has important effects on health maintenance, protection against pathogens, modulation of the immune system, and synthesis of vitamins, such as certain B vitamins. Many factors influence the gut microbiome, with diet and micronutrients being of particular interest. B vitamins are water-soluble vitamins that are ingested with food and play a role as cofactors in many metabolic processes in the body. B vitamins are thought to play an active role in the health and functionality of the gut microbiota. B vitamins are both sources for the microbiota and are produced by the gut microbiota. Adequate levels of these vitamins maintain intestinal microbial balance, inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, and support intestinal barrier function. Insufficient or excessive intake of B vitamins leads to changes in the gut microbiota. In addition, changes in the gut microbiota in disease states lead to vitamin deficiency. Adequate B vitamin intake and a healthy microbiota are important for maintaining B-vitamin function in the body. Although the mechanisms underlying the interaction between the gut microbiota and B vitamins are not fully understood, possible mechanisms of action are presented in this article. The aim of this review is to examine the effect of B vitamins on the gut microbiota.

To investigate the relationship between premenstrual syndrome (PMS) prevalence, ultra‐processed food (UPF) consumption, and food cravings in young adult women. A cross‐sectional study was conducted over one menstrual cycle, utilizing the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale to assess PMS symptoms and the Food Craving Questionnaire‐Trait to evaluate food cravings. Dietary data, including UPF consumption, were collected through self‐reported dietary records. The study was carried out among young adult women, focusing on their dietary behaviors and menstrual health. A total of 230 women participated in the study, with a mean age of 20.6 ± 1.8 years. The prevalence of PMS was 61.3% among the participants. Women with PMS reported significantly higher UPF consumption and increased food craving scores compared to those without PMS. UPF energy intake during the menstrual phase was significantly higher in women with PMS (1042.0 ± 30.6 kcal vs. 635.6 ± 41.3 kcal, p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis identified food cravings ( B = 0.468, p < 0.001) and UPF consumption ( B = 0.018, p = 0.022) as significant determinants of PMS scores. Excessive consumption of UPFs and increased food cravings are associated with PMS symptoms. These findings highlight the necessity of considering menstrual‐related variations in dietary interventions, particularly with regard to the consumption of UPF and the management of cravings.

Amaç: Toplu beslenme hizmeti sunan kurumların menülerinin bireylerin günlük enerji ve besin ögesi ihtiyaçlarının önemli bir kısmını karşılaması beklenmektedir. Hizmet sunan kurumlarda meslek profesyonellerinin etkin bir şekilde rol alması, başarılı ve sürdürülebilir uygulamaların gerçekleştirilmesinde kilit bir öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışma, toplu beslenme hizmetinde diyetisyen istihdam edenlerle diğer meslek profesyonellerini istihdam eden kurumlar arasında, menü planlarının besin ögesi içeriği, besleyicilik değeri ve sağlığı geliştirici özelliklerinin karşılaştırılmasını amaçlamaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Araştırmaya Niğde ilinde diyetisyen istihdam eden (n=3) ve farklı meslek profesyoneli istihdam eden (n=3) orta ve büyük ölçekli toplam altı adet toplu beslenme hizmeti veren kurum dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmada 2024 yılı Ekim ayına ait iki haftalık toplam 60 adet menü planı incelenmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışma sonucunda diyetisyen istihdam eden ve farklı meslek profesyoneli istihdam eden kurumların enerji ve makro besin ögeleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık bulunmamıştır. Ancak diyetisyen istihdam eden kurumların menü planlarında C vitamini, A vitamini, K vitamini, B12 vitamini, iyot ve demir içeriğinin belirgin düzeyde daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu mikro besin ögeleri arasında A vitamini, K vitamini ve iyot düzeylerinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı şekilde daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir (p0.05), ORAC değerlerinin diyetisyen istihdam eden kurumlarda belirgin şekilde daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır (p

This study was performed with GreenSeeker technology in order to determine the possibility of nitrogen stress management in cotton and to determine the differences between the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) and nitrogen doses determined with GreenSeeker, to determine the nitrogen deficiency and stress conditions by making use of the value of the NDVI in cotton production and to intervene when necessary and direct the producers in this regard. In the study six nitrogen doses (Control, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 kg ha-1) were used. The results showed significant differences between N applications for leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD), NDVI-2 (in the boll formation period), number of bolls (NB), seed cotton (SCY) and fiber yield (FY). On the other hand, there were non-significant differences in terms of (LA) area, NDVI-1 (in the beginning of the flowering), plant height (PH), node number of first fruiting branches (NNFFB), number of monopodial branches (NMB) and number of sympodial branches (NSB), number of nodes (NN), height to node ratio (HNR), seed cotton boll weight (SCBW) and ginning percentage (GP). The highest SCY and FY obtained were from doses of 180 and 120 kg ha-1 N, the highest leaf chlorophyll content and number of bolls obtained were from doses of 120 kg ha-1 N. The highest values of NDVI-2 obtained were from doses of 120, 240 and 300 kg ha-1 N, respectively. There were non-significant differences between N doses for values of the NDVI-1 of flowering, but significant differences observed for values of NDVI-2 of boll formation periods. The findings obtained from this research indicated that leaf chlorophyll and NDVI of the boll formation period can be used for determining differences due to varying N doses in cotton production.