Introduction and aim. The synthesis of heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen and nitrogen is profoundly intriguing due to their mechanistic implications in both research and development within organic chemistry and drug discovery. The primary aim of this study is to fabricate a range of pharmacologically active drugs containing the isoxazole moiety. Material and methods. The synthesis of new derivatives of isoxazole was achieved through a one-pot condensation reaction of 2-[(Substituted phenyl)hydrazono]malononitrile (1) and 3-[(Substituted phenyl)azo]-2,4-Pentanedione (2) with sodium acetate and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (1:1) in ethanol. All the compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity, in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activity. The synthesized compounds underwent characterization through FTIR, 1 H NMR, and 13C NMR analyses, supported by mass spectral data and elemental analysis. Results. A set of novel isoxazole derivatives was synthesized with a favorable yield. Among compounds 1d, 1e, 2c, 2d, and 2e exhibited notable antioxidant activities. Compounds 1a, 1b, and 1c demonstrated significant anticancer potential against prostate cancer [PC3] cell lines compared to normal HEK cell lines, while 2a displayed the highest inhibitory zone against Escherichia coli. Conclusion. Novel compounds with multifaceted biological activities have been successfully designed, and a synthetic route to create isoxazole derivatives has been devised and verified.

Angiogenesis is a process involved in the formation of new blood capillaries from pre-existing ones. It is regulated by several anti-angiogenic molecules involved in tumor growth and metastasis. The endothelial angiopoietin Ang-Tie/PI3K/AKT growth receptor pathway is necessary for healthy vascular development. The activation of AKT is controlled by a multistep process involving phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). This article aims to provide an overview of the role and mechanism of the Ang-Tie/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways and the potential of flavonoids as anti-angiogenic drugs. Flavonoids have shown great potential in preventing angiogenesis by targeting signaling pathways and exhibit additional anti-cancer properties. Research studies have revealed that the currently available anti-angiogenic drugs do not meet the safety and efficacy standards for treating tumor growth. Phytocompounds have long been a valuable resource for the development of novel therapeutic drugs. This article explores recent findings explaining the role and mechanism of the Ang-Tie/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, as well as the interaction of flavonoids with angiogenic signaling pathways as a novel therapeutic approach. Several investigations have shown that synergistic studies of natural phytocompounds have great potential to target these pathways to inhibit tumor growth. Therefore, flavonoid-based medications may offer a more effective synergistic strategy to treat cancer.

Research studies on phytochemicals and antibiotics utilizing extracts from medicinal plants have proliferated in the past few years. The phytochemicals profiling, antioxidant capacity, antibacterial properties, antiproliferative potential and molecular docking studies of ethanolic extract of Onosma bracteatum was examined in this study. The extract prepared into ethanol (80%) and identify the presence of phytochemical compounds using GC-MS profiling. The antibacterial potential was investigated in relation to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Further to evaluate the anticancer potential of ethanolic extract of O. bracteatum, the antiproliferative assay (MTT cytotoxicity assay) was performed against Ln-18 (human malignant glioma cell line) and A-549 (Human lung cancer cell line) cells. Ethyl oleate, hexadecenoic acid and phytol were highest in GC-MS and docked against DNA gyrase B (E. coli), β-lactamase (S. aureus) and BCL-2 (apoptosis inhibitor). In antioxidant assay, 78% maximum inhibition of free radical scavenging activity was observed. The zone of inhibition was in the ranges from 9 mm (E. coli) to 20 mm (S. aureus). Furthermore, the ethanolic extract of O. bracteatum demonstrated antiproliferative activity against the cancer cell lines LN-18 and A-549 with growth inhibitions of 84% and 81%. The ethyl oleate was found to be best compound with -8.4 (kcal/mol) binding score in the molecular docking studies. The results showed that O. bracteatum is a good source of phytochemicals and antibacterial compounds with promising anticancerous potential.

Among different cattle types, Bos indicus are known for their ability to better resist the tropical microbial infections comparatively, wherein MHC molecules play a significant role. In this study allelic diversity at MHC locus, DQA of Bos indicus, Bos taurus and crossbred of taurine-indicus has been explored to understand the possible role of MHC region in differential immune response. Thirty nine different DQA alleles were identified, out of which 14 were novel, along with documentation of duplication of DQA alleles. Indicus cattle population presented diverse types of DQA alleles compared to crossbred and exotic. Translated amino acid sequence analysis indicated, codon 64 and 50 of peptide binding sites being highly polymorphic and most of the indicus cattle presented alanine and arginine amino acid at position 64 and 50. Within breed genetic variation found to be higher than between breeds. Because of their ability to bind and subsequently respond to a wide array of antigens, the newly identified DQA alleles with high diversity present in the form of duplicated haplotypes in different combinations in cattle populations provided significant insights into probable role of this MHC locus in better tropical disease combating ability and genetic fitness of indicus cattle.

Many compounds from therapeutic plants have been studied as potential antiviral agents. To control the spread, phytochemicals are employed to decrease viral copy production. This evaluation will be helpful to the scientific community’s investigations into microbes and their infection. Other common viruses that are impacted by the phytochemicals of medicinal plants include herpes simplex, DNA viruses, poliovirus, cytomegalovirus, influenza, para-influenza type 3 and herpes simplex. The root of the plant is the most important and effective part for manufacturing strong phytochemicals. This review provides an overview of a number of phytochemicals, their synthesis and their medicinal qualities, which offer a wide range of therapeutic effects for the treatment of various viral infections. The phytochemical and pharmacological properties of these drugs are the subject of research aimed at identifying the essential chemical constituents and substantiating the efficacy and safety of these claims. Thus, there is promise for the future of medicinal plants because they have the potential to outperform chemical-based allopathic treatments.

Increased apprehension about the environment due to the extensive use of plastics originating from petroleum has led to the development of biodegradable polymers as prospective replacements for several industrial and environmental applications. Biodegradable polymers are important materials for the circular economy and sustainable resource management due to their degradation into environmentally benign products in a controlled manner. This review presents the current state of research on biodegradable polymers, covering their classification, sources, synthesis methods, structural characteristics, physicochemical properties and environmental applications. Biodegradable polymers derived from natural, synthetic and microbial sources are discussed with emphasis on their structural features and their influence on thermal stability, mechanical properties, degradation behaviour and processability. Recent developments in material design and processing include advances in chemical polymerization, microbial fermentation and green synthesis approaches. Their applications in sustainable food packaging, agriculture, wastewater treatment, environmental remediation and eco-friendly consumer products are also examined in relation to the growing need for alternatives to conventional plastics. Biodegradable polymers represent a promising class of sustainable materials with the potential to reduce plastic pollution, improve resource efficiency and support environmental sustainability. Continued research in polymer design, processing technologies, multidisciplinary material development and supportive regulatory frameworks is needed to facilitate their wider industrial application and realize their long-term environmental benefits.