This article presents experimental research on hygrothermal conditions in a historic wooden church in southern Poland. The scope of the research included the continuous monitoring of temperature and relative humidity in several measuring plots in different areas inside and outside of the church. We also continuously monitored the number of people attending services. This study presents a detailed analysis of the development of heat and humidity conditions within the church. A model of the object was developed, and a computational analysis of the risk of condensation of water vapor on the inner surface of the partitions was carried out. An analysis of the results showed a large variation in the temperature and humidity conditions in the church. The internal temperature ranged from −9.7 to 25.9 °C, and the relative humidity of the indoor air ranged from 45.6% to 91.6%. The test results showed that the temperature and humidity of the indoor air periodically exceeded the accepted values of thermal comfort for historic buildings. The analysis of the obtained research results showed that the humidity and humidity conditions in the church mainly depend on the climatic zone and the number of people participating in the services. Moreover, an analysis of the results showed no risk of condensation on the wooden partitions of the church, but it should be noted that the temperature of the partitions was subject to rapid fluctuations (from −8.0 to 24.6 °C), which may have a negative impact on these historic wooden objects.

The article deals with the problem of the effects of using a wooden church on thermal and humidity conditions forming inside. Religious services in the studied site were provided several times a year. The building was not used in the remaining time. The analysis of the effects of the frequency of religious services and the number of people at the services on the formation of temperature and humidity conditions in the wooden church is provided in this paper. The effect of the presence of people in the church on CO₂ concentration fluctuations was also studied. Analysis of the results showed that external conditions have the greatest effect on internal microclimate substitutions. The presence of people affects temporary fluctuations in internal parameters. Both the number of people attending the service and the time of year are important. An indoor air temperature amplitude of 9.4 °C was recorded during the winter period. The CO₂ level in the church during the service exceeded the limit value of 1000 ppm, reaching 1800 ppm in the extreme case, which could result in decreased comfort for people. The high CO₂ concentration may have been caused by a lack of effective ventilation in the building. The obtained simulation results showed a high agreement of the theoretical data with the measurement results (correlation 0.91). The analysis of three simulation variants showed that the people attending the services have a significant share in the gains of thermal energy inside the church. In order to meet the assumptions for variant 1, there are no requirements to start the heating system, assuming a similar schedule of services.

The paper provides a comparative review of research on lime mortars modified with industrial waste from various economic sectors. The analysis included ceramic waste (brick dust and aggregates), paper industry sludge, metallurgical slag, lime production waste, and selected waste from other industries. The literature review indicates that the physical and mechanical properties of modified lime mortars are closely dependent on the type and amount of waste used. It is possible to improve compressive strength. At the same time, the analysis indicates that the use of certain additives can lead to increased porosity and water absorption. Therefore, optimal selection of component proportions is crucial, as is the use of fiber or bio-additives, which can mitigate negative effects and increase mortar resistance to environmental factors.

The growth in population increases greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the environment. High GHG emissions are attributed to meat production, due to its high energy demand. The largest carbon footprint in the production of poultry meat is generated by combustion. This paper deals with the problem of greenhouse gas emissions (total dust, CO, CO₂, NOx, SOx and benzo(a)pyrene) resulting from the generation of energy for heating broiler houses located in different locations in Europe. The study includes continuous measurements of selected microclimate parameters: temperature and relative humidity inside and outside the building, floor temperature, wind speed and direction, and solar radiation intensity. Validation and calibration of the model, emission calculations, and analysis of the obtained results were conducted. Eighteen design variants were assumed, differentiated by the heating fuel used (hard coal, fuel oil, gaseous fuels), material and construction solutions for the floor and the location of the facility. The analysis showed that CO₂ emissions for a facility located in northern Europe are 123,153 kg higher compared to the same building located in southern Europe. In addition, increasing the floor’s thermal resistance by 3.69 m²·K·W⁻¹ reduced harmful gas emissions by an average of 5.7% for each of the locations analysed.

The article deals with the issue of the influence of selected material and construction solutions for a floor in a historic wooden building on heat exchange with the ground. The scope of the work included continuous measurements of selected parameters of internal and external microclimate, which were later used for numerical analysis of selected calculation variants. The research was carried out in a historic wooden church located in southern Poland. The research period covered 2019, while all measurements were performed every 1 h. For the variant analysis, a building with a wooden and stone floor was adopted. The influence of the heating system on the heat exchange with the ground for wooden and stone floors was also analysed. As a result of a detailed analysis, it was found that the material and construction solutions, as well as the heating system, have a significant impact on the formation of heat exchange with the ground. The building with a wooden floor was characterised by significantly higher values of energy losses to the ground in relation to heat gains. During the year, the total energy losses to land amounted to 1005 kWh, while the gain was 47 kWh. The energy flow from inside the building to the ground in August was 2.4 times higher in variant 2 than in variant 1. In February, heat losses to the ground were 1.6 times higher in variant 2 compared to variant 1.