The paper presents research on chloride minerals of natural origin from Kłodawa (Poland), i.e., colorless, blue and purple halite as well as colorless sylvite. Selected samples of minerals were studied by chemical analysis (ICP-OES, ICP-MS, titration methods) and crystallographic measurements. Then, for the tested halides, research was carried out using far-infrared spectroscopy. Spectroscopic studies confirmed the simple way of distinguishing NaCl and KCl minerals using far-infrared spectroscopy, known in the literature. The novelty is that the article presents for the first time the experimental far infrared spectra of natural blue and purple halite. It was observed that the blue (178 cm⁻¹) and purple (176 cm⁻¹) halites have the strongest infrared band slightly shifted towards higher wavenumbers compared to colorless halite (174 cm⁻¹). As part of the work, the infrared spectra of the crystal structure models of sodium and potassium chloride were calculated for the first time using the density functional theory (with the B3LYP functional and the 6-31G* basis set, 125-atom model). The proposed approach can be used not only as a powerful method differentiating NaCl and KCl minerals, but it can also help with understanding of different defects in crystal lattices for naturally occurring halides and crystals of other minerals.

In this study, optical microscopic analyses were applied to evaluate the thermal maturity, characteristics of solid bitumen, and other organic matter finely dispersed in Oligocene shales of the Menilite Formation in the Iwonicz-Zdrój–Rudawka Rymanowska Fold (IRF) and Bóbrka–Rogi Fold (BRF) of the Central Carpathian Synclinorium of the Silesian Nappe, Outer Carpathians, Poland. The investigation was carried out at two-unit depths of the shallow and deeper D-1 sections (430 m – IRF and 4,300 m – BRF) and outcrop samples (BRF). The mean random huminite reflectance values indicate immature conditions with respect to hydrocarbon generation in samples from the D-1 shallow section (VRo≈0.40%) and in the outcrop samples (VRo=0.36%). The degree of thermal maturity of the organic matter from a depth of about 4,300 m – BRF based on random vitrinite (VRo≈0.80%) and solid bitumen (BRo≈0.65%) reflectance measurements is associated with the “oil window” for petroleum generation. The organic components dispersed in the examined Menilite Formation samples are typical for hydrocarbon-prone organic matter, suggesting the dominant kerogen type II. The potential precursor maceral for solid bitumen occurring in the examined samples from the deeper D-1 sections is largely the alginite maceral.

This paper presents an analysis of well testing data, performed with a Drill stem test (DST). The carbonate levels of Mesozoic reservoir rocks were investigated in the research area of the Carpathian Foredeep. Based on the results of 17...

The paper provides a comparative review of research on lime mortars modified with industrial waste from various economic sectors. The analysis included ceramic waste (brick dust and aggregates), paper industry sludge, metallurgical slag, lime production waste, and selected waste from other industries. The literature review indicates that the physical and mechanical properties of modified lime mortars are closely dependent on the type and amount of waste used. It is possible to improve compressive strength. At the same time, the analysis indicates that the use of certain additives can lead to increased porosity and water absorption. Therefore, optimal selection of component proportions is crucial, as is the use of fiber or bio-additives, which can mitigate negative effects and increase mortar resistance to environmental factors.

A mini review of the topic of deformation bands is presented in the paper. The concept of deformation bands is defined and their impact on the flow of fluids in porous sedimentary rocks is determined. Deformation bands are mm-thick low-displacement deformation zones which have intensified cohesion and lower permeability compared with ordinary fractures. This term was in-troduced in 1968 in material science, ten years later it appeared in the geological context. This mi-crostructures can occur as barriers or migration pathways for hydrocarbons. Their role depends ma-inly on microstructural features, and they are also considered in reservoir modeling. The occurrence of deformation bands in Poland is also outlined and discussed - they have been described in Western Outer Carpathians (Magura and Silesia nappes).