Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are critical in power electronic modules due to their high-power density and rapid switching capabilities. Therefore, effective thermal management is crucial for ensuring reliability and superior performance. This study used finite element analysis (FEA) to evaluate the electro-thermal behavior of MOSFETs with copper clip bonding, showing a significant improvement over aluminum wire bonding. The aluminum wire model reached a maximum temperature of 102.8 °C, while the copper clip reduced this to 74.6 °C. To further optimize the thermal performance, Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) generated diverse design points. The FEA results were used to select the Kriging regression model, chosen for its superior accuracy (MSE = 0.036, R² = 0.997, adjusted R² = 0.997). The Kriging model was integrated with a Genetic Algorithm (GA), further reducing the maximum temperature to 71.5 °C, a 4.20% improvement over the original copper clip design and a 43.8% reduction compared to aluminum wire bonding. This integration of Kriging and the GA to the MOSFET copper clip package led to a significant improvement in the heat dissipation and overall thermal performance of the MOSFET package, while also reducing the computational power requirements, providing a reliable and efficient solution for the optimization of MOSFET copper clip packages.

한국전산구조공학회 논문집 제38권 제2호(2025.4) 117 1. 서 론 Power Electronic Modules(PE 모듈)은 재생 에너지 시스템 부터 산업용 모터 구동 및 자동차 전자제품까지 다양한 전자 응용 분야에서 사용하는 기본 구성 요소이다(Zhang and Wang, 2019). 모스펫(MOSFET)과 같은 반도체 칩이 PE모듈의 한 종 류이며, 전기 에너지를 제어하고 변환하는 데 중추적인 역할 을 한다. 이러한 반도체에서 전기에 대한 저항으로 발생하는 열

Brake oil is essential to the performance and safety of hydraulic braking systems, but its degradation—primarily caused by water absorption—can lead to reduced boiling points, corrosion, and brake failure. This study presents a non-invasive method for real-time monitoring of brake oil degradation by detecting changes in water content using a single-electrode capacitive sensor based on a carbon nanotube paper composite (CPC). The sensor operates on the principle of fringing electric fields, enhanced by high-aspect-ratio carbon nanotube fibers that increase local field intensity and dielectric sensitivity. Unlike conventional two-electrode designs, this configuration offers structural simplicity and is well-suited for embedded automotive platforms. Experimental testing was conducted using two types of brake fluids, with incremental additions of deionized water (0.5% by volume) to simulate moisture-induced degradation. The sensor exhibited a strong linear response to increasing water concentration, with consistent slopes across fluid types, enabling a generalized calibration model for real-time water content estimation. The CPC sensor demonstrated high sensitivity, fast response, and excellent repeatability, making it an effective solution for in-situ brake fluid monitoring. This work supports the development of predictive maintenance systems aimed at improving vehicle safety and operational reliability