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The future Air Traffic Management (ATM) system will depend on Trajectory Based Operations (TBO) to accommodate the growing demand in air traffic. This system will expect aircraft to follow an assigned 4D-trajectory with high precision, meeting arrival times over established checkpoints with great accuracy. These time-constraints are called Target Windows (TWs). Wind is one of the greatest sources of uncertainty and, consequently, a key point for the improvement of predictability and, ultimately, the implementation of 4D-trajectories. The main aim of this paper is to develop a methodology to characterize these TWs and to assess the uncertainty on the evolution of 4D-trajectories due to the effect of wind. For such purpose, 4D-trajectories are modelled deterministically, using a point mass model and the BADA (Base of Aircraft Data) methodology of EUROCONTROL. In parallel, wind is modelled with a hybrid approach, where the stochastic component captures the error associated with weather forecasts. Through Monte Carlo Simulation, the variability of the trajectory´s parameters is evaluated under different atmospheric scenarios. Using these results, TWs are defined along the different stages of flight, quantifying the uncertainty associated with the aircraft´s position under the effect of wind.
Á. Rodriguez-Sanz; M. Terradellas Canadell. Impact of Wind on the Predictability and Uncertainty Management of 4D-Trajectories. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 2021, 259 -283.
AMA StyleÁ. Rodriguez-Sanz, M. Terradellas Canadell. Impact of Wind on the Predictability and Uncertainty Management of 4D-Trajectories. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. 2021; ():259-283.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁ. Rodriguez-Sanz; M. Terradellas Canadell. 2021. "Impact of Wind on the Predictability and Uncertainty Management of 4D-Trajectories." Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering , no. : 259-283.
Airports are limited in terms of capacity. Particularly, runways can only accommodate a certain number of movements (arrivals and departures) while ensuring safety and determined operational requirements. In such a constrained operating environment, any reduction in system capacity results in major delays with significant costs for airlines and passengers. Therefore, the efficient operation of airports is a critical cornerstone for demand and delay management of the whole air transportation system. Runway scheduling deals with the sequencing of arriving and departing aircraft at airports such that a predefined objective is optimized subject to several operational constraints, like the dependency of separation on the leading and trailing aircraft type or the runway occupancy time. Scheduling arrivals and departures at runways is a complex problem that needs to address diverse and often competing considerations among involved flights. In the context of the Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) programme, airport operators and air navigation service providers require arrival and departure management tools that improve aircraft flows at airports. Airport runway optimization, as the main element that combines airside and groundside operations, is an ongoing challenge for air traffic management. By considering real airport performance data with scheduled and actual movements, as well as arrival/departure delays, we present a robust model together with an optimization algorithm, which incorporates the knowledge of uncertainty into the tactical operational step. Our model has been validated with real data from a large international European airport in different traffic scenarios. Results are compared to the actual sequencing of flights and show that the algorithm can significantly contribute to the reduction of delay, while adhering as much as possible to the operative procedures and constraints, and to the objectives of the airport stakeholders. Computational experiments performed on the case study illustrate the benefits of this arrival/departure integrated approach.
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Pablo López Cózar; Javier A. Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador. Tactical Runway Scheduling for Demand and Delay Management. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2021, 1024, 012108 .
AMA StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Pablo López Cózar, Javier A. Pérez-Castán, Fernando Gómez Comendador. Tactical Runway Scheduling for Demand and Delay Management. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2021; 1024 (1):012108.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Pablo López Cózar; Javier A. Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador. 2021. "Tactical Runway Scheduling for Demand and Delay Management." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1024, no. 1: 012108.
Weather events have a significant impact on airport arrival performance and may cause delays in operations and/or constraints in airport capacity. In Europe, almost half of all regulated airport traffic delay is due to adverse weather conditions. Moreover, the closer airports operate to their maximum capacity, the more severe is the impact of a capacity loss due to external events such as weather. Various weather uncertainties occurring during airport operations can significantly delay some arrival processes and cause network-wide effects on the overall Air Traffic Management (ATM) system. Quantifying the impact of weather is, therefore, a key feature to improve the decision-making process that enhances airport performance. It would allow airport operators to identify the relevant weather information needed, and help them decide on the appropriate actions to mitigate the consequences of adverse weather events. We present a methodology to evaluate the impact of adverse weather events on airport arrival performance (delay and throughput) and to define operational thresholds for significant weather conditions. Our results are computed from a dataset of over 750,000 flights on a major European hub and from local weather data during the period 2015-2018. We combine delay and capacity metrics at different airport operational stages for the arrival process (final approach, taxi-in and in-block). We introduce a new approach for modelling causal relationships between airport arrival performance indicators and meteorological events, which can be used to quantify the impact of weather in airport arrival conditions, predict the evolution of airport operational scenarios and support airport decision-making processes.
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Javier Cano; Beatriz Rubio Fernández. Impact of Weather Conditions on Airport Arrival Delay and Throughput. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2021, 1024, 012107 .
AMA StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Javier Cano, Beatriz Rubio Fernández. Impact of Weather Conditions on Airport Arrival Delay and Throughput. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2021; 1024 (1):012107.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Javier Cano; Beatriz Rubio Fernández. 2021. "Impact of Weather Conditions on Airport Arrival Delay and Throughput." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1024, no. 1: 012107.
Passengers go through different handling processes inside airport terminal buildings. The quality of these processes is usually measured by the time passengers require and by the level of comfort experienced by them. We present an analysis of behavioural patterns in queues at check-in desks and security controls, which are two of the most critical processes regarding passenger service. The passengers' flow is simulated to obtain queue lengths at one busy European airport between 2014 and 2016, supported by real flight data. Simulation is designed as a store-and forward cell-based system, whose parameters have been tuned and validated with real data from observations and empirical capacity and demand studies within the airport. Random Forest algorithms are then implemented to develop different models for each parameter prediction, after a data analysis stage based on statistical and visualization methods. Feature analysis techniques between dependent variables and the target outputs (queue lengths) determine which are the fundamental elements to explain queue behaviour and to predict target variables. We provide a method to forecast behavioural patterns at check-in desks and security controls, to help airport operators to implement adequate response policies. Queue behavioural patterns are captured by Machine Learning models, which can be used to offer improved passenger services (such as real-time predictions for expected waiting time at queues), or can be considered in a dynamic approach for terminal services design (as the entire progress of terminal handling depends on the stochastic behaviour of passengers). This could be a key tool for managing passengers demand and optimise the infrastructure's capacity through resource allocation.
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Alberto Fernández De Marcos; Javier A. Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Ángel París Loreiro. Queue behavioural patterns for passengers at airport terminals: A machine learning approach. Journal of Air Transport Management 2020, 90, 101940 .
AMA StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Alberto Fernández De Marcos, Javier A. Pérez-Castán, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Rosa Arnaldo Valdés, Ángel París Loreiro. Queue behavioural patterns for passengers at airport terminals: A machine learning approach. Journal of Air Transport Management. 2020; 90 ():101940.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Alberto Fernández De Marcos; Javier A. Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Ángel París Loreiro. 2020. "Queue behavioural patterns for passengers at airport terminals: A machine learning approach." Journal of Air Transport Management 90, no. : 101940.
Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) are new airspace users that require to be safely integrated into the non-segregated airspace. Currently, their integration is planned for the horizon 2025, but there is a lot of pressure by RPAS operators to fly as soon as possible. This research focuses on the development of a risk-based framework for the integration of RPAS in non-segregated airspace. The risk-based framework relies on a hierarchical methodology that is split into two time horizons: design and operation. Different operational and geometrical factors characterise each stage. Then, a set of risk and operational indicators are defined for each stage. These indicators evaluate the operational airspace state and provide information about how the integration of RPAS should be. Primary results provide information about geographical and temporary restrictions. Geographical restrictions refer to the airways that favour or inhibit the integration of RPAS, and temporary restrictions denote the time span when the RPAS can pierce into the airspace.
Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Alvaro Rodríguez-Sanz. Risk-Based Framework for the Integration of RPAS in Non-Segregated Airspace. Risk Assessment in Air Traffic Management 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleJavier Alberto Pérez-Castán, Alvaro Rodríguez-Sanz. Risk-Based Framework for the Integration of RPAS in Non-Segregated Airspace. Risk Assessment in Air Traffic Management. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Alvaro Rodríguez-Sanz. 2020. "Risk-Based Framework for the Integration of RPAS in Non-Segregated Airspace." Risk Assessment in Air Traffic Management , no. : 1.
The expected growth of air traffic in the following decades demands the implementation of new operational concepts to avoid current limitations of the air traffic management system. This paper focuses on the strategic conflict management for four-dimensional trajectories (4DT) in free-route airspace. 4DT has been proposed as the future operational concept to manage air traffic. Thus, aircraft must fulfil temporary restrictions at specific waypoints in the airspace based on time windows. Based on the temporary restrictions, a strategic conflict management method is proposed to calculate the conflict probability of an aircraft pair (that intersects in the air) and to calculate temporary-blocking windows that quantify the time span at which an aircraft cannot depart because one conflict could occur. This methodology was applied in a case-study for an aircraft pair, including the uncertainty associated with 4DT. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was performed to characterise the impact of wind conditions and speed control on the temporary-blocking windows. The results concluded that it is feasible to propose 4DT strategic de-confliction based on temporary-blocking windows. Although, uncertainty variables such as wind and speed control impact on the conflict probability and the size of the temporary-blocking windows.
Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Luis Pérez Sanz; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés; V. Fernando Gómez Comendador; Clemence Greatti; Lidia Serrano-Mira. Probabilistic Strategic Conflict-Management for 4D Trajectories in Free-Route Airspace. Entropy 2020, 22, 159 .
AMA StyleJavier Alberto Pérez-Castán, Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Luis Pérez Sanz, Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés, V. Fernando Gómez Comendador, Clemence Greatti, Lidia Serrano-Mira. Probabilistic Strategic Conflict-Management for 4D Trajectories in Free-Route Airspace. Entropy. 2020; 22 (2):159.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Luis Pérez Sanz; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés; V. Fernando Gómez Comendador; Clemence Greatti; Lidia Serrano-Mira. 2020. "Probabilistic Strategic Conflict-Management for 4D Trajectories in Free-Route Airspace." Entropy 22, no. 2: 159.
The current Air Traffic Management (ATM) functional approach is changing: ‘time’ is now integrated as an additional fourth dimension on trajectories. This notion will impose on aircraft the compliance of accurately arrival times over designated checkpoints, called Time Windows (TWs). In this context, we review the operational concept of 4D-trajectories, by initially developing an analysis of basic requirements for their implementation in the Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) systems and then by investigating their management in the future ATM context. We focus on defining the relationships between 4D-trajectories and other concepts and systems of the future ATM framework, and the needs that it will require for its application, detailing the main tools, programs and ATM/CNS systems that must be deployed. We appraise how 4D-trajectories must be managed and planned (negotiation, synchronization, modification and verification processes). Then, based on the degradation of a 4D-trajectory, we define and introduce the necessary corrective measures by evaluating the degradation tolerances and conditions.
Álvaro Rodríguez–Sanz; Cecilia Claramunt Puchol; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Javier Pérez-Castán; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Francisco Serrano Martínez; Mar Najar Godoy. Air traffic management based on 4D-trajectories: requirements and practical implementation. MATEC Web of Conferences 2019, 304, 05001 .
AMA StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez–Sanz, Cecilia Claramunt Puchol, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Javier Pérez-Castán, Rosa Arnaldo Valdés, Francisco Serrano Martínez, Mar Najar Godoy. Air traffic management based on 4D-trajectories: requirements and practical implementation. MATEC Web of Conferences. 2019; 304 ():05001.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez–Sanz; Cecilia Claramunt Puchol; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Javier Pérez-Castán; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Francisco Serrano Martínez; Mar Najar Godoy. 2019. "Air traffic management based on 4D-trajectories: requirements and practical implementation." MATEC Web of Conferences 304, no. : 05001.
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Eduardo Sánchez Ayra; Javier Cano Cancela. Total air temperature anomalies as a metric for detecting high-altitude ice crystal events: Development of a failure indicator heuristic. Engineering Failure Analysis 2019, 105, 982 -1005.
AMA StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Rosa Arnaldo Valdés, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Eduardo Sánchez Ayra, Javier Cano Cancela. Total air temperature anomalies as a metric for detecting high-altitude ice crystal events: Development of a failure indicator heuristic. Engineering Failure Analysis. 2019; 105 ():982-1005.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Eduardo Sánchez Ayra; Javier Cano Cancela. 2019. "Total air temperature anomalies as a metric for detecting high-altitude ice crystal events: Development of a failure indicator heuristic." Engineering Failure Analysis 105, no. : 982-1005.
The integration of remotely piloted aircraft system in non-segregated airspace requires a significant effort and new methodologies to underway this challenge. This paper develops a methodology to assess the impact of remotely piloted aircraft system integration by applying safety metrics in tactical planning. This methodology builds five modules to simulate remotely piloted aircraft system introduction in a conventional-aircraft schedule: Base scenario, path modelling, conflict detection, temporary-blocking window and safety metrics. The safety metrics quantify the safety state of the operation by the number of conflicts, the conflict severity and the airway availability. This last safety metric represents a step forward in the decision-making process because it provides the airway risk-suitability to integrate remotely piloted aircraft system. Moreover, the temporary-blocking window underlies the airway availability metric. This concept provides temporary restrictions to the integration of remotely piloted aircraft system depending on the entry times of the conventional aircraft. Finally, this methodology is applied in an air traffic volume of the Spanish upper airspace. Different simulations were performed by introducing remotely piloted aircraft system covering every airway of the airspace. Results provided the temporary-blocking windows that specified the temporary restrictions to remotely piloted aircraft system introduction as a function of the airway flown by the conventional aircraft. Furthermore, the methodology appraised the airway availability characterising the airways depending on the risk impact by the remotely piloted aircraft system.
Javier A Pérez-Castán; Victor Fernando Gomez Comendador; Álvaro Rodriguez-Sanz; Rosa M Arnaldo Valdés; Gonzalo Agueda. RPAS integration in non-segregated airspace: Safety metrics for tactical planning. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2019, 233, 6063 -6075.
AMA StyleJavier A Pérez-Castán, Victor Fernando Gomez Comendador, Álvaro Rodriguez-Sanz, Rosa M Arnaldo Valdés, Gonzalo Agueda. RPAS integration in non-segregated airspace: Safety metrics for tactical planning. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 2019; 233 (16):6063-6075.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier A Pérez-Castán; Victor Fernando Gomez Comendador; Álvaro Rodriguez-Sanz; Rosa M Arnaldo Valdés; Gonzalo Agueda. 2019. "RPAS integration in non-segregated airspace: Safety metrics for tactical planning." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, no. 16: 6063-6075.
Remotely-piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) present interesting and complex challenges for air traffic management. One of the most critical aspects of the integration of RPASs in non-segregated airspace is safety assessments. This paper lays out a methodology for estimating the minimum protection distance (MPD) that is required to avoid potential conflicts between RPASs and conventional aircraft. The MPD determines the final moment that air traffic control may instruct a RPAS to start climbing with a fixed rate of climb (ROC) to avoid separation minima infringement. The methodology sets out a conflict-resolution algorithm to estimate the MPD. It also models the impact of communication, navigation, and surveillance requirements on the MPD. The main difference between RPASs and conventional aircraft is that the former needs additional communication between the RPAS and pilot in the form of a required Comand and Control link performance (RLP). Finally, the authors carried out Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the value of the MPD only for the head-on encounter, which is the worst scenario. The results showed that the main factors affecting the MPD were RLP and ROC. By increasing RLP and decreasing ROC it was possible to reduce the MPD from 28 to 17 nautical miles; however, the variation in the MPD was not linear.
Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Victor Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa María Arnaldo Valdés. ATC Separation Assurance for RPASs and Conventional Aircraft in En-Route Airspace. Safety 2019, 5, 41 .
AMA StyleJavier Alberto Pérez-Castán, Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Victor Fernando Gómez Comendador, Rosa María Arnaldo Valdés. ATC Separation Assurance for RPASs and Conventional Aircraft in En-Route Airspace. Safety. 2019; 5 (3):41.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Victor Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa María Arnaldo Valdés. 2019. "ATC Separation Assurance for RPASs and Conventional Aircraft in En-Route Airspace." Safety 5, no. 3: 41.
PurposeThe use of the 4D trajectory operational concept in the future air traffic management (ATM) system will require the aircraft to meet very accurately an arrival time over a designated checkpoint. To do this, time intervals known as time windows (TW) are defined. The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology to characterise these TWs and to manage the uncertainty associated with the evolution of 4D trajectories.Design/methodology/approach4D trajectories are modelled using a point mass model and EUROCONTROL’s BADA methodology. The authors stochastically evaluate the variability of the parameters that influence 4D trajectories using Monte Carlo simulation. This enables the authors to delimit TWs for several checkpoints. Finally, the authors set out a causal model, based on a Bayesian network approach, to evaluate the impact of variations in fundamental parameters at the chosen checkpoints.FindingsThe initial results show that the proposed TW model limits the deviation in time to less than 27 s at the checkpoints of an en-route segment (300 NM).Practical implicationsThe objective of new trajectory-based operations is to efficiently and strategically manage the expected increase in air traffic volumes and to apply tactical interventions as a last resort only. We need new tools to support 4D trajectory management functions such as strategic and collaborative planning. The authors propose a novel approach for to ensure aircraft punctuality.Originality/valueThe main contribution of the paper is the development of a model to deal with uncertainty and to increase predictability in 4D trajectories, which are key elements of the future airspace operational environment.
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés; Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Pablo González García; Mar Najar Godoy Najar Godoy. 4D-trajectory time windows: definition and uncertainty management. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 2019, 91, 761 -782.
AMA StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés, Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán, Pablo González García, Mar Najar Godoy Najar Godoy. 4D-trajectory time windows: definition and uncertainty management. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology. 2019; 91 (5):761-782.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés; Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Pablo González García; Mar Najar Godoy Najar Godoy. 2019. "4D-trajectory time windows: definition and uncertainty management." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 91, no. 5: 761-782.
Continuous climb operation is an operational concept that allows airlines to perform an optimal departing trajectory avoiding air traffic control segregation requirements. This concept implies the design and integration of air traffic flows for the sake of safety performance. This paper designs a new conflict-detection air traffic control tool based on the blocking-area concept, characterises the conflict probability between air traffic flows and assesses the impact of continuous climb operation integration in a terminal manoeuvring area. In this paper, a conflict is set out by the infringement of vertical and longitudinal separation minima and coincides with the probability of air traffic control tool usage. Moreover, this research discusses two different approaches for the conflict-detection air traffic control tool: a static approach considering nominal continuous climb operations and landing trajectories, and a dynamic approach that assesses 105 continuous climb operations and landing trajectories. Finally, the air traffic control tool is implemented using Palma TMA data and proves that out of 11 intersections (between departing and landing routes), solely 4 generate vertical separation infringements. The conflict probability between continuous climb operations and arrivals is less than 10−5. Except for one intersection, that is roughly 10−2, similar to current air traffic control intervention designed levels. Therefore, results conclude the viability of the conflict-detection air traffic control tool and continuous climb operations integration.
Javier A Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Rocío Barragán; Rosa M Arnaldo-Valdés. Design of a conflict-detection air traffic control tool for the implementation of continuous climb operations: A case study at Palma TMA. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2019, 233, 4839 -4852.
AMA StyleJavier A Pérez-Castán, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Rocío Barragán, Rosa M Arnaldo-Valdés. Design of a conflict-detection air traffic control tool for the implementation of continuous climb operations: A case study at Palma TMA. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 2019; 233 (13):4839-4852.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier A Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Rocío Barragán; Rosa M Arnaldo-Valdés. 2019. "Design of a conflict-detection air traffic control tool for the implementation of continuous climb operations: A case study at Palma TMA." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, no. 13: 4839-4852.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the development of conflict-resolution algorithms between Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) and conventional aircraft. The goal of the conflict-resolution algorithm is to estimate the minimum protection distance (MPD) which is required to avoid a potential conflict. Design/methodology/approach The conflict-resolution algorithms calculate the last location at which an RPAS must start climbing to avoid a separation minima infringement. The RPAS maneuvers to prevent the conventional aircraft based on the kinematic equations. The approach selects two parameters to model the conflict-geometry: the path-intersection angle and the Rate of Climb (ROCD). Findings Results confirmed that the aircraft pair flying in opposition was the worst scenario because the MPD reached its maximum value. The best value of the MPD is about 12 Nautical Miles to ensure a safe resolution of a potential conflict. Besides, variations of the ROCD concluded that the relation between the ROCD and the MPD is not proportional. Research limitations/implications The primary limitation is that the conflict-resolution algorithms are designed in a theoretical framework without bearing in mind other factors such as communications, navigation capacity, wind and pilot errors among others. Further work should introduce these concepts to determine how the MPD varies and affects air traffic safety. Moreover, the relation between an ROCD requirement and the MPD will have an impact on regulations. Practical implications The non-linear relation between the MPD and the ROCD could be the pillar to define a standardized MPD in the future for RPAS systematic integration. To accomplish this standard, RPAS could have to fulfil a requirement of minimum ROCD until a specified flight level. Originality/value This paper is the first approach to quantify the Minimum Protection Distance between RPAS and conventional aircraft, and it can serve the aeronautical community to define new navigation requirements for RPAS.
Javier A. Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés; Jaime Torrecilla. Conflict-resolution algorithms for RPAS in non-segregated airspace. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 2019, 91, 366 -372.
AMA StyleJavier A. Pérez-Castán, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés, Jaime Torrecilla. Conflict-resolution algorithms for RPAS in non-segregated airspace. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology. 2019; 91 (2):366-372.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier A. Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés; Jaime Torrecilla. 2019. "Conflict-resolution algorithms for RPAS in non-segregated airspace." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 91, no. 2: 366-372.
Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés. Separation Minima for Continuous Climb Operations. Journal of Aircraft 2019, 56, 262 -272.
AMA StyleJavier Alberto Pérez-Castán, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés. Separation Minima for Continuous Climb Operations. Journal of Aircraft. 2019; 56 (1):262-272.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés. 2019. "Separation Minima for Continuous Climb Operations." Journal of Aircraft 56, no. 1: 262-272.
Air traffic networks are highly dependent on airport arrival processes, which are common triggers for capacity constraints and delay propagation. Arrival Manager tools aim to improve arrival flows at airports. To do so they need reliable, accurate assessments of potential congestion and delay issues. This paper sets out a methodology for predicting and evaluating the operational state of the airport arrival system. This methodology is structured in two steps: the prediction stage and the reliability stage. The prediction model is based on a Bayesian Network approach, which reflects the stochastic and time-varying nature of airport operations. It also provides insights into the interdependencies between factors contributing to airport performance. The reliability model uses a Multi-State System structure, as the airport arrival system has a large number of performance levels. It is developed via a Markov process technique. By combining these prediction and reliability models we can assess the characteristics of the airport arrival system: stationary state, availability, performance and degradation. The methodology is applied to a case study at a busy European airport, using real data from peak traffic months. Results for the scenarios analyzed show that the factors that have a greatest impact on delay and congestion are the level of saturation at arrival processes, the time frame of the day (which determines the arrival declared capacity) and the meteorological conditions. Moreover, arrival states of congestion reduce the airport’s ability to maintain optimal performance rates. The model represents an evolution from the traditional corrective and binary vision of performance analysis towards a predictive and multi-state approach. The results can be applied to derive operational strategies and draw conclusions regarding arrival performance and management.
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Rocio Barragan Montes; Sergio Cámara Serrano. Assessment of airport arrival congestion and delay: Prediction and reliability. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 2018, 98, 255 -283.
AMA StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Rosa Arnaldo Valdés, Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán, Rocio Barragan Montes, Sergio Cámara Serrano. Assessment of airport arrival congestion and delay: Prediction and reliability. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 2018; 98 ():255-283.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Rocio Barragan Montes; Sergio Cámara Serrano. 2018. "Assessment of airport arrival congestion and delay: Prediction and reliability." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 98, no. : 255-283.
The current Air Traffic Management (ATM) functional approach is changing. Both SESAR (Single European Sky ATM Research) and NEXTGEN (Next Generation Air Transportation System) support the four-dimension (4D) trajectory implementation within their operational concepts. Apart from the three classical spatial dimensions, ‘time’ is now integrated as an additional fourth dimension, which will restrict aircraft flights over indicated waypoints along the trajectory. 4D trajectories can be understood as complex Multi-State Systems (MSS) that rely on environmental, internal and usage conditions. A reliability analysis of the waypoints and time windows that describe the 4D trajectory may allow airline operators and air traffic service providers to establish performance indicators and compliance metrics. This paper develops a model to evaluate potential ‘malfunctions’ of a 4D trajectory, based on the MSS reliability theory. This is a natural extension of classical binary-state evaluation: trajectories present different performance levels and several failure modes (a degradation range). The operational reliability assessment, which is achieved with Monte Carlo simulation and random processes (Markov) methods, offers a framework to predict how probable is for the trajectory to enter a degraded state. We use this analysis to quantify the 4D trajectory level of variability and to propose corrective measures to solve potential trajectory degradations or unplanned situations. The methodology is validated through a practical case study. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a methodology to evaluate the robustness of 4D trajectories and to deal with their perturbation, which is a cornerstone in traffic synchronization and conflict resolution.
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; David Álvarez Álvarez; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Javier Pérez-Castán; Mar Najar Godoy. Air Traffic Management based on 4D Trajectories: A Reliability Analysis using Multi-State Systems Theory. Transportation Research Procedia 2018, 33, 355 -362.
AMA StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, David Álvarez Álvarez, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Rosa Arnaldo Valdés, Javier Pérez-Castán, Mar Najar Godoy. Air Traffic Management based on 4D Trajectories: A Reliability Analysis using Multi-State Systems Theory. Transportation Research Procedia. 2018; 33 ():355-362.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; David Álvarez Álvarez; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Javier Pérez-Castán; Mar Najar Godoy. 2018. "Air Traffic Management based on 4D Trajectories: A Reliability Analysis using Multi-State Systems Theory." Transportation Research Procedia 33, no. : 355-362.
Airports are intermodal nodes that can act as disruption drivers throughout the entire transport system. To ensure the robustness of the transport network, airport managers and policy makers need means to assess operational reliability and delve into its precursors. This paper develops a model to evaluate potential malfunctions of an airport, through the definition of proactive performance indicators. The model is based on the Multi-State Systems (MSS) reliability theory, as a natural extension of classical binary-state evaluation: airports present different performance levels and several failure modes with various effects on the entire system performance (degradation). The operational reliability assessment is achieved with random processes (Markov) methods. The analysis is focused on the airspace-airside integrated infrastructure, using a dynamic spatial boundary associated with the Extended Terminal Maneuvering Area (E-TMA) concept. The study evaluates the ‘visit’ of an aircraft to the E-TMA, which consists of three separate sections: (a) final approach; (b) turnaround process; and (c) initial climb segment. The reliability model represents a framework to test different ‘what-if’ scenarios and to reduce uncertainty by categorizing different behavior patterns. Therefore, it allows us to predict how probable is for the system to enter a degraded state. The methodology is validated through a case study at Madrid Airport (LEMD): a collection of nearly 34,000 aircraft turnarounds is used to statistically determine the system operational characteristics. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a mechanism to monitor and forecast the system’s state, as a way to proactively assess the operational reliability of airports.
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Beatriz Rubio Fernández; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; José Manuel Cordero García; Margarita Bagamanova. Operational Reliability of the Airport System: Monitoring and Forecasting. Transportation Research Procedia 2018, 33, 363 -370.
AMA StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Beatriz Rubio Fernández, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Rosa Arnaldo Valdés, José Manuel Cordero García, Margarita Bagamanova. Operational Reliability of the Airport System: Monitoring and Forecasting. Transportation Research Procedia. 2018; 33 ():363-370.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Beatriz Rubio Fernández; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; José Manuel Cordero García; Margarita Bagamanova. 2018. "Operational Reliability of the Airport System: Monitoring and Forecasting." Transportation Research Procedia 33, no. : 363-370.
Continuous Climb Operations (CCO) enable aircraft to execute optimal departing trajectories. However, current airspace design may not allow the integration of CCO due to incompatibility with air traffic flow. This paper lays out a new conflict risk model and assesses the impact of CCO in complex airspace. In this document, conflict risk is defined as the combination of conflict probability between an aircraft pair (CCO and arrivals) and estimated air traffic flows. The authors set out a new approach to determining the probability of vertical conflicts. This approach is based on the altitude distributions at conflict points, which are estimated using simulations (CCO) and real data (arrivals). Using altitude distributions, it is possible to statistically determine the probability of two aircraft infringing the vertical separation minimum. This methodology is applied to Palma airport (Spain). Results show that it is feasible to integrate CCO except for one conflict point where air traffic flows need to be redesigned. Therefore, this new conflict risk model can form the basis of a future decision-making process to validate new flight procedures or modify existing ones.
Javier A. Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés; Rosa M. Arnaldo. Conflict-risk assessment model for continuous climb operations. Aerospace Science and Technology 2018, 84, 812 -820.
AMA StyleJavier A. Pérez-Castán, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés, Rosa M. Arnaldo. Conflict-risk assessment model for continuous climb operations. Aerospace Science and Technology. 2018; 84 ():812-820.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier A. Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés; Rosa M. Arnaldo. 2018. "Conflict-risk assessment model for continuous climb operations." Aerospace Science and Technology 84, no. : 812-820.
Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Víctor Fernando Gómez Comendador; Alvaro Rodriguez Sanz; Javier Perez Castán. Aviation 4.0: More Safety through Automation and Digitization. Aircraft Technology 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleRosa Arnaldo Valdés, Víctor Fernando Gómez Comendador, Alvaro Rodriguez Sanz, Javier Perez Castán. Aviation 4.0: More Safety through Automation and Digitization. Aircraft Technology. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosa Arnaldo Valdés; Víctor Fernando Gómez Comendador; Alvaro Rodriguez Sanz; Javier Perez Castán. 2018. "Aviation 4.0: More Safety through Automation and Digitization." Aircraft Technology , no. : 1.
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Javier A. Pérez-Castán. Characterization and prediction of the airport operational saturation. Journal of Air Transport Management 2018, 69, 147 -172.
AMA StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Rosa Arnaldo Valdés, Javier A. Pérez-Castán. Characterization and prediction of the airport operational saturation. Journal of Air Transport Management. 2018; 69 ():147-172.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Javier A. Pérez-Castán. 2018. "Characterization and prediction of the airport operational saturation." Journal of Air Transport Management 69, no. : 147-172.