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Air transport is considered to be the safest mode of mass transportation. Air traffic management (ATM) systems constitute one of the fundamental pillars that contribute to these high levels of safety. In this paper we wish to answer two questions: (i) What is the underlying safety level of ATM systems in Europe? and (ii) What is the dispersion, that is, how far does each ATM service provider deviate from this underlying safety level? To do this, we develop four hierarchical Bayesian inference models that allow us to infer and predict the common rate of occurrence of SMIs, as well as the specific rates of occurrence for each air navigation service provider (ANSP). This study shows the usefulness of hierarchical structures when it comes to obtaining parameters that enable risk to be quantified effectively. The models developed have been found to be useful in explaining and predicting the safety performance of 29 European ATM systems with common regulations and work procedures, but with different circumstances and numbers of aircraft, each managing traffic of differing complexity.
Rosa Valdés; Victor Comendador. Hierarchical Bayesian Models to Estimate the Number of Losses of Separation between Aircraft in Flight. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 1600 .
AMA StyleRosa Valdés, Victor Comendador. Hierarchical Bayesian Models to Estimate the Number of Losses of Separation between Aircraft in Flight. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (4):1600.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosa Valdés; Victor Comendador. 2021. "Hierarchical Bayesian Models to Estimate the Number of Losses of Separation between Aircraft in Flight." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4: 1600.
Aviation emissions from 2016 to 2050 could consume between 12% and 27% of the remaining carbon budget to keep global temperature rise below 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels. Consequently, aviation is being challenged to immediately start to reduce its in-sector emissions, then sharply reduce its CO2 emissions and fully decarbonize toward the second half of this century. Among the analyses carried out within the Horizon 2020 project PARE—Perspectives for Aeronautical Research in Europe, this paper tackles the potential role of climate change levy schemes in achieving the ambitious objective of aviation decarbonization by the year 2050.
Rosa Valdés; Victor Comendador; Luis Campos. How Much Can Carbon Taxes Contribute to Aviation Decarbonization by 2050. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1086 .
AMA StyleRosa Valdés, Victor Comendador, Luis Campos. How Much Can Carbon Taxes Contribute to Aviation Decarbonization by 2050. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1086.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosa Valdés; Victor Comendador; Luis Campos. 2021. "How Much Can Carbon Taxes Contribute to Aviation Decarbonization by 2050." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1086.
Passengers go through different handling processes inside airport terminal buildings. The quality of these processes is usually measured by the time passengers require and by the level of comfort experienced by them. We present an analysis of behavioural patterns in queues at check-in desks and security controls, which are two of the most critical processes regarding passenger service. The passengers' flow is simulated to obtain queue lengths at one busy European airport between 2014 and 2016, supported by real flight data. Simulation is designed as a store-and forward cell-based system, whose parameters have been tuned and validated with real data from observations and empirical capacity and demand studies within the airport. Random Forest algorithms are then implemented to develop different models for each parameter prediction, after a data analysis stage based on statistical and visualization methods. Feature analysis techniques between dependent variables and the target outputs (queue lengths) determine which are the fundamental elements to explain queue behaviour and to predict target variables. We provide a method to forecast behavioural patterns at check-in desks and security controls, to help airport operators to implement adequate response policies. Queue behavioural patterns are captured by Machine Learning models, which can be used to offer improved passenger services (such as real-time predictions for expected waiting time at queues), or can be considered in a dynamic approach for terminal services design (as the entire progress of terminal handling depends on the stochastic behaviour of passengers). This could be a key tool for managing passengers demand and optimise the infrastructure's capacity through resource allocation.
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Alberto Fernández De Marcos; Javier A. Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Ángel París Loreiro. Queue behavioural patterns for passengers at airport terminals: A machine learning approach. Journal of Air Transport Management 2020, 90, 101940 .
AMA StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Alberto Fernández De Marcos, Javier A. Pérez-Castán, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Rosa Arnaldo Valdés, Ángel París Loreiro. Queue behavioural patterns for passengers at airport terminals: A machine learning approach. Journal of Air Transport Management. 2020; 90 ():101940.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Alberto Fernández De Marcos; Javier A. Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Ángel París Loreiro. 2020. "Queue behavioural patterns for passengers at airport terminals: A machine learning approach." Journal of Air Transport Management 90, no. : 101940.
This paper presents the results of applying the new mechanization of the Kalman filter (KF) algorithm using singular value decomposition (SVD). The proposed algorithm is useful in applications where the influence of round-off errors reduces the accuracy of the numerical solution of the associated Riccati equation. When the Riccati equation does not remain symmetric and positive definite, the fidelity of the solution can degrade to the point where it corrupts the Kalman gain, and it can corrupt the estimate. In this research, we design an adaptive KF implementation based on SVD, provide its derivation, and discuss the stability issues numerically. The filter is derived by substituting the SVD of the covariance matrix into the conventional discrete KF equations after its initial propagation, and an adaptive estimation of the covariance measurement matrix
Juan Bermúdez Ordoñez; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Victor Gómez Comendador. Engineering Applications of Adaptive Kalman Filtering Based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 5168 .
AMA StyleJuan Bermúdez Ordoñez, Rosa Arnaldo Valdés, Victor Gómez Comendador. Engineering Applications of Adaptive Kalman Filtering Based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (15):5168.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuan Bermúdez Ordoñez; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Victor Gómez Comendador. 2020. "Engineering Applications of Adaptive Kalman Filtering Based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15: 5168.
The integration of Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) in non-segregated airspace is one of the forthcoming challenges in aviation. This paper develops a decision framework to determine the airways where RPAS should fly. The methodology defines three types of indicators: (1) static indicators based on the geometry of the airspace; (2) dynamic indicators based on the air traffic features; and (3) mixed indicators that combine both static and dynamic indicators. These indicators appraise the airspace state basic elements as airways and crossing points. The decision framework seeks to detect which airways and air corridors – specific Flight Levels (FLs) of an airway – can be fully segregated for the use of RPAS, as well as the airways that favour the integration of RPAS but increasing the risk level. The decision framework is applied to the Spanish upper airspace LECMZGZ from FL 250 to 300. Results conclude there are no airways that permit their use as segregated airways. However, two air corridors at FL 270 allow the segregated integration of RPAS. Moreover, the decision framework detects the airways that favour the integration of RPAS although they would have an impact on the risk level.
J.A. Pérez-Castán; Victor Fernando Gomez Comendador; A. Rodríguez-Sanz; R.M. Arnaldo Valdés; G. Águeda; S. Zambrano; J. Torrecilla. Decision framework for the integration of RPAS in non-segregated airspace. Safety Science 2020, 130, 104860 .
AMA StyleJ.A. Pérez-Castán, Victor Fernando Gomez Comendador, A. Rodríguez-Sanz, R.M. Arnaldo Valdés, G. Águeda, S. Zambrano, J. Torrecilla. Decision framework for the integration of RPAS in non-segregated airspace. Safety Science. 2020; 130 ():104860.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.A. Pérez-Castán; Victor Fernando Gomez Comendador; A. Rodríguez-Sanz; R.M. Arnaldo Valdés; G. Águeda; S. Zambrano; J. Torrecilla. 2020. "Decision framework for the integration of RPAS in non-segregated airspace." Safety Science 130, no. : 104860.
Jet engine malfunctions and pitot probe blocking are two safety events for which the formation of High Altitude Ice Crystals (HAIC) is a relevant contributing factor. Power loss and damage in jet engine under such conditions has drawn considerable attention of air transport authorities and industry. In turn, little interest has been paid to pitot probe clogging by HAIC, despite it being the main cause of two fatal accidents occurred in recent years. Aiming to increase flight safety, indications of erroneous Total Air Temperature (TAT) measurements due to built-up HAIC could be used to improve crew situation awareness. To that end, we propose data-based, practical and cost-effective mitigation measures to reduce the associated risk.
Eduardo S. Ayra; Álvaro Rodríguez Sanz; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Javier Cano. Detection and warning of ice crystals clogging pitot probes from total air temperature anomalies. Aerospace Science and Technology 2020, 102, 105874 .
AMA StyleEduardo S. Ayra, Álvaro Rodríguez Sanz, Rosa Arnaldo Valdés, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Javier Cano. Detection and warning of ice crystals clogging pitot probes from total air temperature anomalies. Aerospace Science and Technology. 2020; 102 ():105874.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEduardo S. Ayra; Álvaro Rodríguez Sanz; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Javier Cano. 2020. "Detection and warning of ice crystals clogging pitot probes from total air temperature anomalies." Aerospace Science and Technology 102, no. : 105874.
Purpose The current air traffic management (ATM) operational approach is changing; “time” is now integrated as an additional fourth dimension on trajectories. This notion will impose on aircraft the compliance of accurate arrival times over designated checkpoints (CPs), called time windows (TWs). This paper aims to clarify the basic requirements and foundations for the practical implementation of this functional framework. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews the operational deployment of 4D trajectories, by defining its relationship with other concepts and systems of the future ATM and communications, navigation and surveillance (CNS) context. This allows to establish the main tools that should be considered to ease the application of the 4D-trajectories approach. This paper appraises how 4D trajectories must be managed and planned (negotiation, synchronization, modification and verification processes). Then, based on the evolution of a simulated 4D trajectory, the necessary corrective measures by evaluating the degradation tolerances and conditions are described and introduced. Findings The proposed TWs model can control the time tolerance within less than 100 s along the passing CPs of a generic trajectory, which is in line with the expected future ATM time-performance requirements. Originality/value The main contribution of this work is the provision of a holistic vision of the systems and concepts that will be necessary to implement the new 4D-trajectory concept efficiently, thus enhancing performance. It also proposes tolerance windows for trajectory degradation, to understand both when an update is necessary and what are the conditions required for pilots and air traffic controllers to provide this update.
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Cecilia Claramunt Puchol; Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés. Practical implementation of 4D-trajectories in air traffic management: system requirements and time windows monitoring. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 2020, 92, 1357 -1375.
AMA StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Cecilia Claramunt Puchol, Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés. Practical implementation of 4D-trajectories in air traffic management: system requirements and time windows monitoring. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology. 2020; 92 (9):1357-1375.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Cecilia Claramunt Puchol; Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés. 2020. "Practical implementation of 4D-trajectories in air traffic management: system requirements and time windows monitoring." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 9: 1357-1375.
System safety assessment (SSA) has become a standard practice in air traffic management (ATM). System safety assessment aims, through a systematic and formal process, to detect, quantify, and diminish the derived risks and to guarantee that critical safety systems achieve the level of safety approved by the regulatory authorities. Verification of compliance with the established safety levels becomes the last but an essential part of the safety assurance process. This chapter provides a Bayesian inference methodology to assess and evaluate the compliance with the established safety levels under the presence of uncertainty in the assessment of systems performances.
Rosa Maria Arnaldo Valdés; Victor Fernando Gómez Comendador; Luis Perez Sanz. Risk Assessment under Uncertainty. Risk Assessment in Air Traffic Management 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleRosa Maria Arnaldo Valdés, Victor Fernando Gómez Comendador, Luis Perez Sanz. Risk Assessment under Uncertainty. Risk Assessment in Air Traffic Management. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosa Maria Arnaldo Valdés; Victor Fernando Gómez Comendador; Luis Perez Sanz. 2020. "Risk Assessment under Uncertainty." Risk Assessment in Air Traffic Management , no. : 1.
Purpose This paper aims to assess the implications in safety levels by the integration of remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS). The goal is to calculate the number of RPAS that can jointly operate with conventional aircraft regarding conflict risk, without exceeding current safety levels. Design/methodology/approach This approach benchmarks a calculated level of safety (CLS) with a target level of safety (TLS). Monte Carlo (MC) simulations quantify the TLS based on the current operation of conventional aircraft. Then, different experiments calculate the CLS associated with combinations of conventional aircraft and RPAS. MC simulations are performed based on probabilistic distributions of aircraft performances, entry times and geographical distribution. The safety levels are based on a conflict risk model because the safety metrics are the average number of conflicts and average conflict duration. Findings The results provide restrictions to the number of RPAS that can jointly operate with conventional aircraft. The TLS is quantified for four conventional aircraft. MC simulations confirm that the integration of RPAS demands a reduction in the total number of aircraft. The same number of RPAS than conventional aircraft shows an increase over 90% average number of conflicts and 300% average conflict time. Research limitations/implications The methodology is applied to one flight level of en-route airspace without considering climbing or descending aircraft. Originality/value This paper is one of the most advanced investigations performed to quantify the number of RPAS that can be safely integrated into non-segregated airspace, which is one of the challenges for the forthcoming integration of RPAS. Particularly, Europe draws to allow operating RPAS and conventional aircraft in non-segregated airspace by 2025, but this demanding perspective entails a thorough analysis of operational and safety aspects involved.
Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés; Jose Felix Alonso-Alarcon. Safe RPAS integration in non-segregated airspace. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 2020, 92, 801 -806.
AMA StyleJavier Alberto Pérez-Castán, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés, Jose Felix Alonso-Alarcon. Safe RPAS integration in non-segregated airspace. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology. 2020; 92 (6):801-806.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés; Jose Felix Alonso-Alarcon. 2020. "Safe RPAS integration in non-segregated airspace." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 6: 801-806.
Many civilian applications of commercial unmanned aircraft are being planned to operate in the years ahead. Several countries have developed their own framework to design the operation of unmanned aircraft and the different services that demand safe operation. This paper focuses on the European framework denoted as U-space which concludes with the joint integration of manned and unmanned aircraft in the airspace. U-space is a set of novel services and specific procedures designed to provide safe and efficient access into the airspace to the airspace users. U-space constitutes a management system to organise unmanned operations and provides relevant information to drone operators as well as manned aircraft, air navigation service providers and authorities. The understanding of associated hazards and risks to unmanned aircraft is a critical issue for their operation in complex and non-segregated airspaces. The safety assessment developed herein is crucial to identify safety indicators for U-space. In addition, the identification of safety indicators was used to identify gaps in U-spaces services that are not correctly covered by the U-space framework. Particularly, several safety indicators are identified that currently U-space services do not consider and can imply an increase in the operational risk of unmanned operations.
Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Ana Belén Cardenas-Soria; Dominik Janisch; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés. Identification, Categorisation and Gaps of Safety Indicators for U-Space. Energies 2020, 13, 608 .
AMA StyleJavier Alberto Pérez-Castán, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Ana Belén Cardenas-Soria, Dominik Janisch, Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés. Identification, Categorisation and Gaps of Safety Indicators for U-Space. Energies. 2020; 13 (3):608.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Ana Belén Cardenas-Soria; Dominik Janisch; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés. 2020. "Identification, Categorisation and Gaps of Safety Indicators for U-Space." Energies 13, no. 3: 608.
The expected growth of air traffic in the following decades demands the implementation of new operational concepts to avoid current limitations of the air traffic management system. This paper focuses on the strategic conflict management for four-dimensional trajectories (4DT) in free-route airspace. 4DT has been proposed as the future operational concept to manage air traffic. Thus, aircraft must fulfil temporary restrictions at specific waypoints in the airspace based on time windows. Based on the temporary restrictions, a strategic conflict management method is proposed to calculate the conflict probability of an aircraft pair (that intersects in the air) and to calculate temporary-blocking windows that quantify the time span at which an aircraft cannot depart because one conflict could occur. This methodology was applied in a case-study for an aircraft pair, including the uncertainty associated with 4DT. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was performed to characterise the impact of wind conditions and speed control on the temporary-blocking windows. The results concluded that it is feasible to propose 4DT strategic de-confliction based on temporary-blocking windows. Although, uncertainty variables such as wind and speed control impact on the conflict probability and the size of the temporary-blocking windows.
Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Luis Pérez Sanz; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés; V. Fernando Gómez Comendador; Clemence Greatti; Lidia Serrano-Mira. Probabilistic Strategic Conflict-Management for 4D Trajectories in Free-Route Airspace. Entropy 2020, 22, 159 .
AMA StyleJavier Alberto Pérez-Castán, Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Luis Pérez Sanz, Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés, V. Fernando Gómez Comendador, Clemence Greatti, Lidia Serrano-Mira. Probabilistic Strategic Conflict-Management for 4D Trajectories in Free-Route Airspace. Entropy. 2020; 22 (2):159.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Luis Pérez Sanz; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés; V. Fernando Gómez Comendador; Clemence Greatti; Lidia Serrano-Mira. 2020. "Probabilistic Strategic Conflict-Management for 4D Trajectories in Free-Route Airspace." Entropy 22, no. 2: 159.
Heinrich’s pyramid theory is one of the most influential theories in accident and incident prevention, especially for industries with high safety requirements. Originally, this theory established a quantitative correlation between major injury accidents, minor injury accidents and no-injury accidents. Nowadays, researchers from different fields of engineering also apply this theory in establishing quantitatively the correlation between accidents and incidents. In this work, on the one hand, we have detected the applicability of this theory by studying incident reports of different severities occurred in air traffic management. On the other hand, we have deepened the analysis of this theory from a qualitative perspective. For this purpose, we have applied the convolution operator in identifying correlations between contributing causes to different incident severities, also known as precursors to accidents, and system failures. The results suggested that system failures are mechanisms by which the causes are manifested. In particular, the same underlying cause can be manifested through different failures which contribute to incidents with different severities. Finally, deriving from this result, an artificial neuronal network model is proposed to recognize future causes and their possible associated incident severities.
Schon Z. Y. Liang Cheng; Rosa Maria Arnaldo Valdés; Víctor Fernando Gómez Comendador; Francisco Javier Sáez Nieto. Detection of Common Causes between Air Traffic Serious and Major Incidents in Applying the Convolution Operator to Heinrich Pyramid Theory. Entropy 2019, 21, 1166 .
AMA StyleSchon Z. Y. Liang Cheng, Rosa Maria Arnaldo Valdés, Víctor Fernando Gómez Comendador, Francisco Javier Sáez Nieto. Detection of Common Causes between Air Traffic Serious and Major Incidents in Applying the Convolution Operator to Heinrich Pyramid Theory. Entropy. 2019; 21 (12):1166.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchon Z. Y. Liang Cheng; Rosa Maria Arnaldo Valdés; Víctor Fernando Gómez Comendador; Francisco Javier Sáez Nieto. 2019. "Detection of Common Causes between Air Traffic Serious and Major Incidents in Applying the Convolution Operator to Heinrich Pyramid Theory." Entropy 21, no. 12: 1166.
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Eduardo Sánchez Ayra; Javier Cano Cancela. Total air temperature anomalies as a metric for detecting high-altitude ice crystal events: Development of a failure indicator heuristic. Engineering Failure Analysis 2019, 105, 982 -1005.
AMA StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Rosa Arnaldo Valdés, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Eduardo Sánchez Ayra, Javier Cano Cancela. Total air temperature anomalies as a metric for detecting high-altitude ice crystal events: Development of a failure indicator heuristic. Engineering Failure Analysis. 2019; 105 ():982-1005.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Rosa Arnaldo Valdés; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Eduardo Sánchez Ayra; Javier Cano Cancela. 2019. "Total air temperature anomalies as a metric for detecting high-altitude ice crystal events: Development of a failure indicator heuristic." Engineering Failure Analysis 105, no. : 982-1005.
Air Traffic Management is evolving towards a Trajectory-Based Operations paradigm. Trajectory prediction will hold a key role supporting its deployment, but it is limited by a lack of understanding of air traffic associated uncertainties, specifically contextual factors. Trajectory predictors are usually based on modelling aircraft dynamics based on intrinsic aircraft features. These aircraft operate within a known air route structure and under given meteorological conditions. However, actual aircraft trajectories are modified by the air traffic control depending on potential conflicts with other traffics. This paper introduces surrounding air traffic as a feature for ground-based trajectory prediction. The introduction of air traffic as a contextual factor is addressed by identifying aircraft which are likely to lose the horizontal separation. For doing so, this paper develops a probabilistic horizontal interdependency measure between aircraft supported by machine learning algorithms, addressing time separations at crossing points. Then, vertical profiles of flight trajectories are characterised depending on this factor and other intrinsic features. The paper has focused on the descent phase of the trajectories, using datasets corresponding to an en-route Spanish airspace volume. The proposed interdependency measure demonstrates to identify in advance conflicting situations between pairs of aircraft for this use case. This is validated by identifying associated air traffic control actions upon them and their impact on the vertical profile of the trajectories. Finally, a trajectory predictor for the vertical profile of the trajectory is developed, considering the interdependency measure and other operational factors. The paper concludes that the air traffic can be included as a factor for the trajectory prediction, impacting on the location of the top of descent for the specific case which has been studied.
Christian Eduardo Verdonk Gallego; Víctor Fernando Gómez Comendador; Manuel Angel Amaro Carmona; Rosa María Arnaldo Valdés; Fco. Javier Saez Nieto; Miguel García Martínez. A machine learning approach to air traffic interdependency modelling and its application to trajectory prediction. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 2019, 107, 356 -386.
AMA StyleChristian Eduardo Verdonk Gallego, Víctor Fernando Gómez Comendador, Manuel Angel Amaro Carmona, Rosa María Arnaldo Valdés, Fco. Javier Saez Nieto, Miguel García Martínez. A machine learning approach to air traffic interdependency modelling and its application to trajectory prediction. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 2019; 107 ():356-386.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristian Eduardo Verdonk Gallego; Víctor Fernando Gómez Comendador; Manuel Angel Amaro Carmona; Rosa María Arnaldo Valdés; Fco. Javier Saez Nieto; Miguel García Martínez. 2019. "A machine learning approach to air traffic interdependency modelling and its application to trajectory prediction." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 107, no. : 356-386.
Manuel Villegas Díaz; Victor Fernando Gomez Comendador; Javier García-Heras Carretero; Rosa María Arnaldo Valdés. Environmental benefits in terms of fuel efficiency and noise when introducing continuous climb operations as part of terminal airspace operation. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 2019, 14, 903 -913.
AMA StyleManuel Villegas Díaz, Victor Fernando Gomez Comendador, Javier García-Heras Carretero, Rosa María Arnaldo Valdés. Environmental benefits in terms of fuel efficiency and noise when introducing continuous climb operations as part of terminal airspace operation. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation. 2019; 14 (12):903-913.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuel Villegas Díaz; Victor Fernando Gomez Comendador; Javier García-Heras Carretero; Rosa María Arnaldo Valdés. 2019. "Environmental benefits in terms of fuel efficiency and noise when introducing continuous climb operations as part of terminal airspace operation." International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 14, no. 12: 903-913.
Airports around the world are more and more environmentally concerned, increasing their efforts in reducing aviation impacts by applying environmental management, certification systems, or other types of ecological rating systems to their infrastructures and operation. Especially relevant are the airports’ efforts to manage and reduce their CO2 emissions through Airport Carbon Accreditation, the efforts made by Eurocontrol to encourage collaborative environmental management, or the increasing numbers of airports worldwide that get their terminals certified according to several world-recognized Green Building Rating Standards (GBRS). However, although these standards are state-of-the-art sustainability valuation programs, none of them fully cover all the environmental impacts of aeronautical activity at an airport. This paper presents the results of an exploratory research where the use of a GBRS into a more holistic certification scheme for airports is discussed and areas of challenge are highlighted. The paper seeks to shed some light on the value of holistic approaches from the perspective of maximizing environmental management efficiency and effectiveness, the integration of actions of individual airport partners to potentially encourage greater coordination of efforts, the challenges of dealing with both construction and operational impacts within one scheme, and the accountability difficulties.
Víctor Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa María Arnaldo Valdés; Bernard Lisker. A Holistic Approach to the Environmental Certification of Green Airports. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4043 .
AMA StyleVíctor Fernando Gómez Comendador, Rosa María Arnaldo Valdés, Bernard Lisker. A Holistic Approach to the Environmental Certification of Green Airports. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (15):4043.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVíctor Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa María Arnaldo Valdés; Bernard Lisker. 2019. "A Holistic Approach to the Environmental Certification of Green Airports." Sustainability 11, no. 15: 4043.
The integration of remotely piloted aircraft system in non-segregated airspace requires a significant effort and new methodologies to underway this challenge. This paper develops a methodology to assess the impact of remotely piloted aircraft system integration by applying safety metrics in tactical planning. This methodology builds five modules to simulate remotely piloted aircraft system introduction in a conventional-aircraft schedule: Base scenario, path modelling, conflict detection, temporary-blocking window and safety metrics. The safety metrics quantify the safety state of the operation by the number of conflicts, the conflict severity and the airway availability. This last safety metric represents a step forward in the decision-making process because it provides the airway risk-suitability to integrate remotely piloted aircraft system. Moreover, the temporary-blocking window underlies the airway availability metric. This concept provides temporary restrictions to the integration of remotely piloted aircraft system depending on the entry times of the conventional aircraft. Finally, this methodology is applied in an air traffic volume of the Spanish upper airspace. Different simulations were performed by introducing remotely piloted aircraft system covering every airway of the airspace. Results provided the temporary-blocking windows that specified the temporary restrictions to remotely piloted aircraft system introduction as a function of the airway flown by the conventional aircraft. Furthermore, the methodology appraised the airway availability characterising the airways depending on the risk impact by the remotely piloted aircraft system.
Javier A Pérez-Castán; Victor Fernando Gomez Comendador; Álvaro Rodriguez-Sanz; Rosa M Arnaldo Valdés; Gonzalo Agueda. RPAS integration in non-segregated airspace: Safety metrics for tactical planning. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2019, 233, 6063 -6075.
AMA StyleJavier A Pérez-Castán, Victor Fernando Gomez Comendador, Álvaro Rodriguez-Sanz, Rosa M Arnaldo Valdés, Gonzalo Agueda. RPAS integration in non-segregated airspace: Safety metrics for tactical planning. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 2019; 233 (16):6063-6075.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier A Pérez-Castán; Victor Fernando Gomez Comendador; Álvaro Rodriguez-Sanz; Rosa M Arnaldo Valdés; Gonzalo Agueda. 2019. "RPAS integration in non-segregated airspace: Safety metrics for tactical planning." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, no. 16: 6063-6075.
Remotely-piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) present interesting and complex challenges for air traffic management. One of the most critical aspects of the integration of RPASs in non-segregated airspace is safety assessments. This paper lays out a methodology for estimating the minimum protection distance (MPD) that is required to avoid potential conflicts between RPASs and conventional aircraft. The MPD determines the final moment that air traffic control may instruct a RPAS to start climbing with a fixed rate of climb (ROC) to avoid separation minima infringement. The methodology sets out a conflict-resolution algorithm to estimate the MPD. It also models the impact of communication, navigation, and surveillance requirements on the MPD. The main difference between RPASs and conventional aircraft is that the former needs additional communication between the RPAS and pilot in the form of a required Comand and Control link performance (RLP). Finally, the authors carried out Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the value of the MPD only for the head-on encounter, which is the worst scenario. The results showed that the main factors affecting the MPD were RLP and ROC. By increasing RLP and decreasing ROC it was possible to reduce the MPD from 28 to 17 nautical miles; however, the variation in the MPD was not linear.
Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Victor Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa María Arnaldo Valdés. ATC Separation Assurance for RPASs and Conventional Aircraft in En-Route Airspace. Safety 2019, 5, 41 .
AMA StyleJavier Alberto Pérez-Castán, Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Victor Fernando Gómez Comendador, Rosa María Arnaldo Valdés. ATC Separation Assurance for RPASs and Conventional Aircraft in En-Route Airspace. Safety. 2019; 5 (3):41.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJavier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Victor Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa María Arnaldo Valdés. 2019. "ATC Separation Assurance for RPASs and Conventional Aircraft in En-Route Airspace." Safety 5, no. 3: 41.
PurposeThe use of the 4D trajectory operational concept in the future air traffic management (ATM) system will require the aircraft to meet very accurately an arrival time over a designated checkpoint. To do this, time intervals known as time windows (TW) are defined. The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology to characterise these TWs and to manage the uncertainty associated with the evolution of 4D trajectories.Design/methodology/approach4D trajectories are modelled using a point mass model and EUROCONTROL’s BADA methodology. The authors stochastically evaluate the variability of the parameters that influence 4D trajectories using Monte Carlo simulation. This enables the authors to delimit TWs for several checkpoints. Finally, the authors set out a causal model, based on a Bayesian network approach, to evaluate the impact of variations in fundamental parameters at the chosen checkpoints.FindingsThe initial results show that the proposed TW model limits the deviation in time to less than 27 s at the checkpoints of an en-route segment (300 NM).Practical implicationsThe objective of new trajectory-based operations is to efficiently and strategically manage the expected increase in air traffic volumes and to apply tactical interventions as a last resort only. We need new tools to support 4D trajectory management functions such as strategic and collaborative planning. The authors propose a novel approach for to ensure aircraft punctuality.Originality/valueThe main contribution of the paper is the development of a model to deal with uncertainty and to increase predictability in 4D trajectories, which are key elements of the future airspace operational environment.
Álvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés; Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Pablo González García; Mar Najar Godoy Najar Godoy. 4D-trajectory time windows: definition and uncertainty management. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 2019, 91, 761 -782.
AMA StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz, Fernando Gómez Comendador, Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés, Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán, Pablo González García, Mar Najar Godoy Najar Godoy. 4D-trajectory time windows: definition and uncertainty management. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology. 2019; 91 (5):761-782.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁlvaro Rodríguez-Sanz; Fernando Gómez Comendador; Rosa M. Arnaldo Valdés; Javier Alberto Pérez-Castán; Pablo González García; Mar Najar Godoy Najar Godoy. 2019. "4D-trajectory time windows: definition and uncertainty management." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 91, no. 5: 761-782.
The most relevant SESAR 2020 solutions dealing with future Capacity Management processes are Dynamic Airspace Configuration (DAC) and Flight Centric ATC (FCA). Both concepts, DAC and FCA, rely on traffic flow complexity assessment. For this reason, complexity assessments processes, methods and metrics, become one of the main constraints to deal with the growing demand and increasing airspace capacity. The aim of this work is to identify the influence of trajectories’ uncertainty in the quality of the predictions of complexity of traffic demand and the effectiveness of Demand Capacity Balance (DCB) airspace management processes, in order to overcome the limitations of existing complexity assessment approaches to support Capacity Management processes in a Trajectory-Based Operations (TBO) environment. This paper presents research conducted within COTTON project, sponsored by the SESAR Joint Undertaking and EU’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program. The main objective is to deliver innovative solutions to maximize the performance of the Capacity Management procedures based on information in a TBO environment.
Victor Fernando Gomez Comendador; Rosa Maria Arnaldo Valdes; Andrija Vidosavljevic; Marta Sanchez Cidoncha; Shutao Zheng; Gomez Comendador; Arnaldo Valdés; Sanchez Cidoncha. Impact of Trajectories’ Uncertainty in Existing ATC Complexity Methodologies and Metrics for DAC and FCA SESAR Concepts. Energies 2019, 12, 1559 .
AMA StyleVictor Fernando Gomez Comendador, Rosa Maria Arnaldo Valdes, Andrija Vidosavljevic, Marta Sanchez Cidoncha, Shutao Zheng, Gomez Comendador, Arnaldo Valdés, Sanchez Cidoncha. Impact of Trajectories’ Uncertainty in Existing ATC Complexity Methodologies and Metrics for DAC and FCA SESAR Concepts. Energies. 2019; 12 (8):1559.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVictor Fernando Gomez Comendador; Rosa Maria Arnaldo Valdes; Andrija Vidosavljevic; Marta Sanchez Cidoncha; Shutao Zheng; Gomez Comendador; Arnaldo Valdés; Sanchez Cidoncha. 2019. "Impact of Trajectories’ Uncertainty in Existing ATC Complexity Methodologies and Metrics for DAC and FCA SESAR Concepts." Energies 12, no. 8: 1559.