Advancement in biosensing techniques is the topmost priority in the present era of technology as the limitations of conventional methods outweighs its advantages. Hence, designing of compact, user and environmental friendly, economical and highly sensitive and responsive biosensors is need of the hour. MXenes, two-dimensional layered material, have gained a lot of attention in very less time due to its diverse properties such as enormous conductivity, meagre cellular toxicity, elaborated surface chemistry, natural hydrophilicity, magnificent optoelectronic features and ability to form stable colloidal suspensions. These properties of MXenes categorize them as a potential material for fabrication of highly efficient modern world biosensors. MXenes are synthesized via various methodologies such as etching methods, top-down and bottom-up approaches, depending upon their applications. Moreover, to study the surface structure and identify various properties and functional groups, different characterization techniques are employed including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy etc. The surface functionalization of MXenes can be modified with polymerization, direct surface terminations etc. for enhancing the efficiency of biosensors developed from them. MXenes based biosensors have been utilized in diverse fields viz. electrochemical biosensing, optical biosensing, wearable biosensing etc. These biosensors are of prime importance for early detection of deadly diseases such as cancers of various body parts including lungs, pancreas, breast etc., and hyperglycaemia. Moreover, they play an important role for detecting environmental pollutants viz. heavy metals, nitrites, phenols etc. Hence, necessary actions can be taken on time in order to save the health and environment.

There is a rising demand for energy storage systems (ESS) that are both environmentally sustainable and high-performing. To meet the prerequisites of diverse energy-consuming applications, developing novel, better-quality and highly-performing electrode materials for ESS is vital. In this quest, graphene emerges as a wonder material, ascribed to its unmatched mechanical, electrical and thermal behaviour. Different ESS can be significantly developed with enhanced energy storage capacity with the application of graphene. Herein, a brief discussion of the structure and synthesis techniques for graphene and its derivatives is presented. In addition to this, the study also offers a comprehensive summary on the latest developments in lithium-ion batteries, double-layer supercapacitors, pseudo capacitors and hybrid supercapacitors using graphene as the dominant material for anode/cathode electrodes in the form of composites and hybrids. The effect of the graphene on the performance metrics of the EESS has also been imparted. Despite the promising advancements, the key challenges and limitations in the development of graphene-based high-performing energy storage devices are described in detail. The article concludes with the potential prospects of energy storage using graphene are also discussed.

Cell death, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell invasion and cell migration are the fundamental cellular processes which are dysregulated due to

Soil degradation due to the accumulation of heavy metal ions has impacted the lives of living beings worldwide. Indispensable use of heavy metals (HMs) in large-scale industries, biomedical sectors and agriculture is a major contributing factor, besides natural dissipation. Conventional techniques for the removal of HMs including stabilization, vitrification, encapsulation, phytoremediation etc come up with plenty of drawbacks. Nanotechnology is playing a critical role in different sectors for achieving sustainability. Hence, integrating nanotechnology with other advanced techniques viz., biosensing seems to be the greatest solution to resolving the environmental crises imposed by HMs. Nanomaterials (NMs), fabricated through nanotechnology, are conferred with qualities such as high surface-to-volume ratio, superior electrochemical properties, exorbitant conductivity, bio-compatibility and unique optical attributes. A large number of studies have been discussed emphasizing the successful implication of NMs-based biosensors in the detection of heavy metals from the environment, particularly soil components and strategies for their remediation. Moreover, future outlooks involve more successful and efficient ways of developing nano-biosensors for HM detection, elevating agricultural output in HM-free soils by developing smart sensors and combining the Internet of Things with agriculture.