Introduction: The objective of our study was to examine the correlation between hepatosteatosis and the triglyceride glucose index (TyG), plasma atherogenic index (PAI), and cardiometabolic index (CMI) in nondiabetic patients. We also aimed to assess the usefulness of these indices in evaluating cardiometabolic risk in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MAFLD).Material and methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 695 individuals who did not have diabetes, with an average age of 39.8±11.3 years. A total of 595 individuals, comprising 359 women and 236 men, were diagnosed with MAFLD. The control group consisted of 100 individuals who did not have MAFLD. All the subjects underwent transabdominal ultrasonography, anthropometric measurements, and blood analyses. The groups were assessed based on the TyG index, PAI, and CMI.Results: TyG, PAI, and CMI were greater in patients with MAFLD than those without MAFLD. The TyG index, with a cutoff point of 8.47, excluded significant simple steatosis with a sensitivity of 65.3% and a specificity of 66.0%. The PAI and CMI cutoff values were 0.39 and 1.40, with sensitivities of 66.6% and 70.1% and specificities of 67.0% and 70.1%, respectively. The TyG index was independently associated with MAFLD (OR=2.21, 95% CI: 1.339-3.665).Conclusions: The presence of MAFLD patients with a normal BMI and waist circumference indicates that these variables alone do not provide enough evidence for the diagnosis of MAFLD. Hence, it is advisable to incorporate the TyG index, the PAI, and the CMI into regular clinical practice to obtain a more precise and thorough evaluation of MAFLD and cardiometabolic risk.

High-fat diets have detrimental health impacts that increase the likelihood of developing obesity and metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to examine the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of orlistat and white tea in rats fed a high-fat diet. Thirty-two rats were randomized into four groups: control (standard diet), HFD (high-fat diet), HFD+Orlistat (high-fat diet+orlistat), and HFD+WT (high-fat diet+white tea extract). A significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and a decrease in total thiol (TT) levels were detected in the HFD group (p < 0.001). On the other hand, a decrease in the MDA level (p < 0.001) and an increase in the TT level were observed in the orlistat and white tea groups compared with those in the HFD group (p < 0.001). Histopathological examinations revealed that, compared with the HFD alone, orlistat and white tea reduced fat accumulation, prevented degenerative changes in hepatocytes, and decreased the histopathological damage score (p = 0.001). Immunohistochemical examinations of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB/p65) revealed that compared with the HFD, orlistat and white tea reduced immunopositivity (p = 0.001). White tea decreases lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Both white tea and orlistat decreased fat formation and inflammation in the liver and regulated inflammation by reducing Nf-kB positivity. Nevertheless, further research is needed to assess their impact on human subjects.

Background: Hemorrhoidal disease is a common anorectal condition characterized by the enlargement and distal displacement of the typical vascular structures in the anal canal. The relationship between DM, lipid metabolism, and hemorrhoidal disease remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of hemorrhoids and the association between glycemic control and lipid profile in diabetic patients. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 752 patients who underwent colonoscopy at Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital between June 2021 and August 2024. The study population comprised 452 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (mean age 63.4 ± 11.0) and 300 nondiabetic patients (mean age 62.8 ± 10.8). The presence of hemorrhoids was confirmed through colonoscopy. Glycemic control parameters, lipid profile, and other biochemical parameters were analyzed. Results: Hemorrhoids were found in 47.3% (n = 214) of diabetic patients and 17.3% (n = 52) of nondiabetic patients, indicating a significantly higher prevalence in the diabetic group (OR = 4.3, CI = 3.0–6.2, p < 0.001). Diabetic patients with hemorrhoids had significantly higher mean HbA1C (8.1 ± 2.1 vs. 7.5 ± 1.8, p < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein (p < 0.001), and triglyceride levels (p = 0.005) compared to those without hemorrhoids. Additionally, a longer duration of diabetes and higher hypertension prevalence were observed in the hemorrhoid group. Conclusions: The findings suggest that poor glycemic control and dyslipidemia are significantly associated with an increased prevalence of hemorrhoids in diabetic patients. These results highlight the importance of comprehensive management of diabetes, including lipid control, to potentially reduce the risk of hemorrhoidal disease.

Background: Diabetes mellitus and cancer often coexist, increasing the risk of liver injury. Doxorubicin (DOXO) is a widely used antineoplastic drug with known hepatotoxic effects. Dapagliflozin (DAPA) and trimetazidine (TMZ) have been reported to exert hepatoprotective actions, but their combined effects remain unclear. Methods: Forty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated into six groups: control, streptozotocin (STZ), STZ + DOXO, STZ + DOXO + DAPA, STZ + DOXO + TMZ, and STZ + DOXO + DAPA + TMZ. Liver injury was assessed by histopathology, oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH), and immunohistochemistry (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), Caspase-3, Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), Nuclear Factor kappa-B/p65 (NF-κB/p65)). Results: STZ and STZ + doxorubicin groups developed marked hepatic injury. Unexpectedly, the STZ + doxorubicin group showed lower alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, along with reduced Malondialdehyde (MDA) and elevated glutathione (GSH), suggesting compensatory antioxidant and apoptotic responses. Dapagliflozin more effectively normalized transaminases and reduced oxidative DNA damage, whereas trimetazidine exerted stronger effects on MDA, GSH, and inflammatory markers. The combination provided additive but not consistently superior benefits. Immunohistochemical analyses confirmed these findings, showing attenuated expression of TNF-α, 8-OHdG, caspase-3, and TGF-β1 and reduced TUNEL-positive hepatocytes and NF-κB/p65 immunoreactivity following treatment, indicating coordinated anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions: Dapagliflozin and trimetazidine each attenuated diabetes- and doxorubicin-related hepatic injury through partly distinct mechanisms, with the combination providing additive but not consistently superior effects. These findings suggest a potential hepatoprotective role for both agents; however, the clinical implications remain uncertain and require confirmation in further mechanistic and translational studies.

Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent and nonalcoholic progressive liver disorder associated with metabolic disturbance. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of wheat flour or baker's yeast-restricted diet with traditional calorie restriction in NAFLD patients.Material and methods: Analyzed data was obtained from 243 individuals with NAFLD who completed the study. Of these patients, 54 belonged to Group (1) (Standard Diet, SD); 104 belonged to Group (2) (Wheat Flour-Free Diet, WFFD); and 85 belonged to Group (3) (Yeast-Free Diet, YFD). The intervention period lasted 6 months, during which participants' dietary compliance was closely monitored.Results: At the end of the six-month trial, both the WFFD and HFD groups exhibited a noteworthy reduction in body mass index (BMI) and triglyceride (TG) levels when compared to a standard diet that only involved calorie restriction. Furthermore, a notable reduction in the severity of liver steatosis was seen in these groups (p<0.05). The SD group did not exhibit any significant changes in these metrics. The WFFD group experienced a notable reduction in HSI values (p<0.05). Cluster analysis revealed that the obese group had higher HSI, weight, and BMI values throughout the study period, indicating a more advanced stage of NAFLD.Conclusions: To summarize, this study highlights the significance of food constituents and dietary strategies in the treatment of NAFLD. It suggests that limiting the intake of wheat flour and baker's yeast specifically could have positive effects on liver well-being.

Aims: Celiac disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy with multisystem involvement that is often underdiagnosed due to variable clinical manifestations. Identifying reliable, accessible, and noninvasive biomarkers is essential for timely diagnosis, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic utility of inflammation and nutrition-related indices and scores calculated from routine laboratory tests in predicting CeD. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 79 biopsy-confirmed celiac patients and 60 healthy controls. Demographic, hematological, and biochemical data were collected. The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), triglycerideglucose index (TyG), hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score, and other inflammation-related indices were calculated via validated formulas. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of CeD. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess diagnostic performance. Results: Compared with controls, patients with CeD had significantly greater PLRs and lower TyG indices and HALP scores (p