Lumbar spine pain (LBP) is a leading cause of disability worldwide and remains a major challenge in clinical practice. Among non-invasive treatment strategies, manual therapy plays a central role, offering individualized interventions that target both biomechanical dysfunction and pain. This narrative review compares three commonly used physiotherapeutic approaches—Kaltenborn-Evjenth mobilization, the McKenzie method, and high-velocity low-amplitude (HVLA) manipulation—based on current evidence regarding their effectiveness, safety, and clinical application. A total of 32 randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published between 2003 and 2024 were analyzed. The Kaltenborn-Evjenth method demonstrated notable effectiveness in improving range of motion and reducing chronic pain, particularly in patients with segmental hypomobility. The McKenzie method showed strong outcomes in both acute and chronic LBP, especially in cases involving symptom centralization and high patient engagement. HVLA techniques offered rapid symptom relief in acute phases but required careful patient selection due to their mechanical intensity. The findings suggest that no single method is universally superior. Instead, optimal outcomes are achieved through individualized treatment plans that integrate multiple techniques based on clinical presentation, pain chronicity, and functional limitations. Multimodal strategies that combine manual therapy with exercise and patient education appear to be the most effective in managing LBP and preventing recurrence.

The basic legal act governing professional qualification in the European Union (and the countries of the European Economic Area and Belgium) is Directive 2005/36/ EC of the European Parliament and of Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications. To practise a profession outside the country in which it was earned, a citizen must comply with certain legal requirements. The author discusses the Polish Act on the Profession of Physiotherapist. The EU has established a European Professional Card. Its holder is entitled to the same rights and privileges, as well as assuming obligations, across the EU as in the state in which the profession was learned. In Poland, pursuant to Article 5 of the Act on the Profession of Physiotherapist, the term “physiotherapist” may only be used by a person who has the right to practice the profession, and the professional title itself is protected by law.

Introduction and objective: Lumbar-sacral spine pain is becoming a civilization problem in highly developed countries. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the frequency and number of physiotherapy treatments in a cycle on pain sensation, and on changes in mobility and muscle...