There are several known cases of positioning error, leading to serious consequences, sometimes also deadly. Therefore, obtaining accurate position data by means of GPS receivers is paramount. With this perspective, the aim of this study was to test the within-field accuracy of different types of GPS receivers, and to determine their reliability. A proprietary software was used to determine the positioning accuracy of nine different types of satellite receivers. In addition, their reliability was investigated, by including tests aimed at measuring their positioning accuracy in field conditions. Thus, it was possible to determine the probability that these GPS receivers can be in some states (reliability). The developed software solution could be used for further research on a wider group of the same types of satellite receivers. The results of this study could lead to draft a procedure for evaluating and selecting GPS receivers, based on their quality, prior to use. This could have a paramount importance for uses in special purpose vehicles or transport telematics systems.

This paper reviews the potential of low-power wireless networks to improve road safety. The authors characterized this type of network and its application in road transport. They also presented the available technologies, highlighting one that was considered the most promising for transport applications. The study includes an innovative and proprietary concept of area-based vehicle speed monitoring using this technology and describes its potential for enhancing road safety. Assumptions and a model for the deployment of network equipment within the planned implementation area were developed. Using radio coverage planning software, the authors conducted a series of simulations to assess the radio coverage of the proposed solution. The results were used to evaluate the feasibility of deployment and to select system operating parameters. It was also noted that the proposed solution could be applied to traffic monitoring. The main objective of this paper is to present a new solution for improving road safety and to assess its feasibility for practical implementation. To achieve this, the authors conducted and presented the results of a series of simulations using radio coverage planning software. The key contribution of this research is the authors′ proposal to implement simultaneous vehicle speed control across the entire monitored area, rather than limiting it to specific, designated points. The simulation results, primarily related to the deployment and selection of operating parameters for wireless sensor network devices, as well as the type and height of antenna placement, suggest that the practical implementation of the proposed solution is feasible. This approach has the potential to significantly improve road safety and alter drivers′ perceptions of speed control. Additionally, the positive outcomes of the research could serve as a foundation for changing the selection of speed control sites, focusing on areas with the highest road safety risk at any given time.

The article reviews the history and the direction of development for railway CCTV (Closed-Circuit TeleVision) systems. The authors described the CCTV system at PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A. and the associated network and server infrastructure. The authors proposed an operational model for a centralized CCTV system that assumes states of partial fitness, in accordance with the regulations of the national railway infrastructure administrator. The aim of the paper is to review, analyse, and evaluate the operational reliability of railroad video monitoring systems in relation to the assumptions of the national railroad infrastructure manager using an operational model. A unified system structure is presented in the article. The model was used as a base to calculate the probabilities for the system while staying in the assumed states. Calculations showed that a centralized CCTV system is characterized by high reliability and satisfies the expectations of PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A. in this respect. The obtained result of 99.88% probability of leaving the analysed video surveillance system in a fully operational condition within a year indicates a high level of security of the applied solutions in such a large system. The analysed system is one of the largest such solutions designed in the European Union and the largest in Poland, which is an important contribution to the development and implementation of such extensive video surveillance systems in the future. The research question is whether the extensive centralized railway CCTV systems will meet the requirements of PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A.

The work presents the methods of collecting and processing data with the use of devices used in individual measurement methods. Based on the collected video materials, the number of vehicles was determined, which at both measuring points actually exceeded each of the tested cross-sections of the bicycle path. More precise determination of the means of transport was divided into three categories: bicycles, electric scooters, and PT (personal transporters). The data collected with the use of each of the devices was properly processed and aggregated into a form that allows for their mutual comparison (they can be used to manage the energy of electric vehicles). Their greatest advantages and disadvantages were indicated, and external factors that had an impact on the size of the measurement error were identified. The cost of carrying out the traffic volume survey was also assessed, broken down into the measurement methods used. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and evaluate the methods used to measure bicycle traffic volume. Four different measurement methods were used to perform the practical part, which included such devices as a video recorder, microwave radar, perpendicular radar, and a meter connected to an induction loop embedded in the asphalt. The results made it possible to select a rational method for measuring the volume of bicycle traffic. The measurements carried out allow optimization of bicycle routes, especially for electric bicycles. The results indicate the method of physical counting of vehicles from video footage, thanks to which it is possible to achieve a level of measurement accuracy equal to 100%.