Cardiovascular complications are the most deadly and cost-driving effects of diabetes mellitus (DM). One of them, which is steadily attracting attention among scientists, is diabetes-induced heart failure, also known as diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Despite significant progress in the research concerning the disease, a universally accepted definition is still lacking. The pathophysiology of the processes accelerating heart insufficiency in diabetic patients on molecular and cellular levels also remains elusive. However, the recent interest concerning extracellular vesicles (EVs) has brought promise to further clarifying the pathological events that lead to DCM. In this review, we sum up recent investigations on the involvement of EVs in DCM and show their therapeutic and indicatory potential.

In the recent 2024 ESMO guidelines, the combination of venetoclax and ibrutinib was listed as one of the first-line treatment options for CLL patients. These drugs were first-in-class medicines that revolutionized CLL management, extending patients’ overall survival even in cases refractory to immunochemotherapy. However, since the approval of both compounds, more and more Bruton Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors (BTKis) and B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors (BCL2is) have been discovered. Their efficacy and safety are the reasons for their use in monotherapy among both treatment-naïve and relapsed patients with CLL. Currently, several ongoing clinical trials are investigating the rationale for the combination of BCL2is and BTKis. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in the field of co-therapy with BTKis and BCL2is.

Introduction: Immunotherapy is one of the greatest advancements in oncological patient care. The broader the treatment application, the more common the adverse events associated with the therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are currently used in numerous malignancies. These drugs influence the immune cells’ interactions, which translates to interruption of immune evasion and increased anti-tumor activity. However, the disruption of immunological signaling pathways often leads to adverse events, such as endocrinological insufficiencies, among which thyroid is the most common. Moreover, the co-appearance of several insufficiencies has been previously described. Case report: A 73-year-old female treated with durvalumab due to non-small cell lung carcinoma was admitted to the emergency unit due to symptoms of ketoacidosis. She had a history of well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroiditis. Laboratory results showed increased anti-GAD antibodies, while the low C-peptide level indicated type 1 diabetes mellitus. Moreover, over the course of longer observation, the patient presented with abrupt aggravation of her autoimmune thyroiditis. Conclusions: The new onset of endocrinological insufficiencies is a rare adverse event of immunotherapy. Clinicians must pay particular attention to any signs indicating these life-threatening conditions. In case of the appearance of any endocrinological adverse event, the close cooperation of oncologists and endocrinologists is required to enhance patients’ quality of life.

Background. Type 2 diabetes mellitus affects approximately 589 million adults worldwide and is projected to reach 900 million by 2050. Current management is limited by high treatment costs, low patient compliance, and disability caused by complications. Passive heat therapy has attracted growing scientific interest as an accessible complementary intervention. Aim. To evaluate whether passive heat therapy offers benefit as a complementary treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and its complications. Material and Methods. Narrative literature review using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. Search terms included: "Finnish sauna", "passive heat therapy", "hot water immersion", "diabetes", and "diabetes complications". Only English-language publications were included with no time restrictions. Results. Repeated heat therapy sessions improved fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c, while single exposures produced no measurable glycaemic benefit. Heat therapy was associated with increased insulin sensitivity and HSP-70 upregulation. Regular sauna use reduced cardiovascular mortality, improved endothelial function, and lowered blood pressure. Preliminary evidence suggests benefits in retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and diabetic foot perfusion. Conclusions. Passive heat therapy shows promise as a complementary intervention in type 2 diabetes, particularly regarding cardiovascular outcomes and glycaemic control. Evidence is currently limited by small sample sizes and heterogeneous protocols. Patients on insulin therapy should be monitored for hypoglycaemia during heat exposure.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly impairs the physical, psychological and social dimensions of life in affected individuals (1). Proper disease control requires effective self-management to reduce the risk of complications and optimize long-term functioning (2). These activities should extend beyond glycemic regulation to include rehabilitation and complication prevention. Patient education is therefore considered a crucial factor enabling individuals to engage in effective self-management (3). Objective: This review aims to summarize evidence on how patient education influences quality of life (QoL) in people with T2DM (4).Methods: A narrative review was conducted by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for literature from 2010 to 2025 (5). Results: Existing research consistently indicates that structured educational interventions — including Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME), lifestyle coaching and digital tools — contribute to improved glycemic control, greater disease awareness and enhanced mental health outcomes (6, 7). Educational programs support emotional well-being, increase self-efficacy and strengthen social participation among people with T2DM (8, 9).Conclusions: Patient education is essential for improving QoL and clinical outcomes in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients (10). Personalized and culturally adapted education should be integrated into standard care (11).

Introduction and objective: Obesity is a chronic multifactorial disease associated with metabolic and endocrine disturbances affecting multiple hormonal pathways. Excess dysfunctional adipose tissue contributes to chronic low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, neuroendocrine dysregulation,...