Cardiovascular complications are the most deadly and cost-driving effects of diabetes mellitus (DM). One of them, which is steadily attracting attention among scientists, is diabetes-induced heart failure, also known as diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Despite significant progress in the research concerning the disease, a universally accepted definition is still lacking. The pathophysiology of the processes accelerating heart insufficiency in diabetic patients on molecular and cellular levels also remains elusive. However, the recent interest concerning extracellular vesicles (EVs) has brought promise to further clarifying the pathological events that lead to DCM. In this review, we sum up recent investigations on the involvement of EVs in DCM and show their therapeutic and indicatory potential.

In the recent 2024 ESMO guidelines, the combination of venetoclax and ibrutinib was listed as one of the first-line treatment options for CLL patients. These drugs were first-in-class medicines that revolutionized CLL management, extending patients’ overall survival even in cases refractory to immunochemotherapy. However, since the approval of both compounds, more and more Bruton Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors (BTKis) and B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors (BCL2is) have been discovered. Their efficacy and safety are the reasons for their use in monotherapy among both treatment-naïve and relapsed patients with CLL. Currently, several ongoing clinical trials are investigating the rationale for the combination of BCL2is and BTKis. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in the field of co-therapy with BTKis and BCL2is.

Background. Type 2 diabetes mellitus affects approximately 589 million adults worldwide and is projected to reach 900 million by 2050. Current management is limited by high treatment costs, low patient compliance, and disability caused by complications. Passive heat therapy has attracted growing scientific interest as an accessible complementary intervention. Aim. To evaluate whether passive heat therapy offers benefit as a complementary treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and its complications. Material and Methods. Narrative literature review using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. Search terms included: "Finnish sauna", "passive heat therapy", "hot water immersion", "diabetes", and "diabetes complications". Only English-language publications were included with no time restrictions. Results. Repeated heat therapy sessions improved fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c, while single exposures produced no measurable glycaemic benefit. Heat therapy was associated with increased insulin sensitivity and HSP-70 upregulation. Regular sauna use reduced cardiovascular mortality, improved endothelial function, and lowered blood pressure. Preliminary evidence suggests benefits in retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and diabetic foot perfusion. Conclusions. Passive heat therapy shows promise as a complementary intervention in type 2 diabetes, particularly regarding cardiovascular outcomes and glycaemic control. Evidence is currently limited by small sample sizes and heterogeneous protocols. Patients on insulin therapy should be monitored for hypoglycaemia during heat exposure.

Background. Post-exercise recovery is essential for athletic performance, training adaptation, and injury prevention. Cold water immersion (CWI) and whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) are widely used recovery strategies, yet uncertainty remains regarding their optimal application and long-term effects. Aim. To synthesise current evidence on the physiological mechanisms, recovery effects, and practical applications of CWI and WBC in athletic populations. Material and methods. A narrative review of studies indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library was conducted. Original studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published between 2009 and 2026 were analysed. Results. CWI (10–15 min, 10–15°C) consistently reduces delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), lowers markers of muscle damage and inflammation, and improves perceived recovery. WBC (−110 to −190°C, 2–4 min) produces similar analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and may offer greater practicality in some sporting settings. Both modalities can support short-term performance recovery during periods of intensive competition. However, repeated post-resistance exercise CWI may attenuate muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophic adaptations. Evidence regarding endurance adaptations is generally neutral and, in some cases, suggests potential benefits. Conclusions. CWI and WBC are effective tools for acute post-exercise recovery, particularly for reducing soreness and improving recovery perception. Their long-term use should be tailored to training goals, with caution advised during hypertrophy-focused resistance training phases. Further standardised, long-term studies are required.

Background. The diabesity epidemic (obesity and type 2 diabetes) requires a shift from a glucocentric to a holistic approach, making weight reduction a clinical goal equal to glycemic control. Incretin-based therapies (semaglutide, tirzepatide) represent a breakthrough due to their pleiotropic effects. Aim. This study analyzes their efficacy, safety, molecular mechanisms, and cardio/nephroprotection in light of recent trials and guidelines. Material and methods. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched (2018–2026) using MeSH terms: obesity, type 2 diabetes, GLP-1/GIP agonists. The analysis included phase III trials (STEP, SURPASS, SURMOUNT), meta-analyses, and guidelines of the Polish Diabetes Association (PTD 2026), the Polish Association for the Study of Obesity (PTLO 2024), and the American Diabetes Association (ADA). Case reports and early-phase studies were excluded. Results. Diabesity is linked to an incretin deficit. GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists mimic the incretin effect, modulating appetite and enhancing insulin sensitivity. This facilitates sustained weight loss and multi-organ protection. Evidence from STEP and SURPASS trials highlights robust cardioprotection, nephroprotection, and reduced hepatic steatosis in MASLD. By targeting cerebral reward centers, these agents address hedonic hunger, improving long-term metabolic health. Conclusions. Incretin therapy is revolutionizing treatment. Semaglutide and tirzepatide achieve high weight reduction (>20%) and lower the risk of MACE, renal failure, and hepatic steatosis. Latest PTD (2026) and PTLO (2024) guidelines recommend their early implementation in primary care to combat obesity and its complications.

BACKGROUND. Obesity and depression are both major problems of health in almost whole world. Moreover, it is predicted that population of patients of mentioned diseases are going to growth. While these conditions are becoming bigger problem, it is important to mark their impact on childen. Results of illnesses in childhood are associated with many longlasting complications. AIM. The aim of this review was to evaluate the bidirectional relationship of depression and obesity in children and adolescents and to underline their influence on health and proper development. Moreover authors were aiming to highlight the importance of physical activity and appropriate diet in the prevention and treatment of mentioned diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A narrative review of the available literature was conducted. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used for the research. The following keywords were searched: „depression“, „children“, „obesity“, „anxiety“, „adolescent“, „biological mechanisms“, „depressive episode“, „lifestyle“. RESULTS. There are many common factors occuring in pathophysiology of obesity and depression. It is important to underscore that patients require treatment involving both illnesses and they should not be treated separately. Parents play a crucial role during treatment and they have to teach their children healthy habits. Healthy lifestyle is essential in treating these conditions. CONCLUSIONS. Prevention should be the main focus for medical professionals treating obesity and depression. It is important to observe and react in early stages of mentioned conditions. Studies also show the important role of parents and lifestyle education and their impact on development of illnesses.