Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a complex and severe condition marked by multiple organ failure and high short-term mortality. Coagulopathy, a key component of ACLF, is characterized by rebalanced hemostasis with both hypo- and hypercoagulable features, increasing the risk of bleeding and thrombosis. Conventional coagulation tests, including prothrombin time (PT) and platelet count, fail to fully capture the complexity of coagulation dysfunction in ACLF. Advanced diagnostic tools, like viscoelastic tests (VETs), offer a more comprehensive assessment, yet they remain limited in evaluating endothelial dysfunction and fail to account for reduced levels of anticoagulant factors. Emerging therapeutic strategies targeting coagulopathies in ACLF hold promise, but their clinical efficacy remains unclear. A more nuanced approach to diagnosing and managing coagulopathy in ACLF is needed, incorporating advanced hemostatic profiling to better inform prognosis and guide treatment decisions.

In the recent 2024 ESMO guidelines, the combination of venetoclax and ibrutinib was listed as one of the first-line treatment options for CLL patients. These drugs were first-in-class medicines that revolutionized CLL management, extending patients’ overall survival even in cases refractory to immunochemotherapy. However, since the approval of both compounds, more and more Bruton Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors (BTKis) and B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors (BCL2is) have been discovered. Their efficacy and safety are the reasons for their use in monotherapy among both treatment-naïve and relapsed patients with CLL. Currently, several ongoing clinical trials are investigating the rationale for the combination of BCL2is and BTKis. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in the field of co-therapy with BTKis and BCL2is.

The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has significantly shifted from chemoimmunotherapy to targeted therapies like Bruton’s tyrosine kinase and BCL2 inhibitors. Despite these advancements, CLL remains an incurable disease characterized by immune dysregulation, therapeutic resistance, and cumulative toxicities. To overcome these challenges, novel immunotherapeutic strategies are emerging as fundamentally different approaches that target immune–tumor interactions. These innovations include novel monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies that redirect T cell cytotoxicity, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies, and natural killer (NK) cell-based platforms. By actively engaging cellular cytotoxicity, these approaches show promise in high-risk and treatment-resistant scenarios where standard pathway inhibition is inadequate. Establishing optimal use, toxicity management, and combination strategies for these cell-engaging immunotherapies is now a critical priority in contemporary CLL research.

Introduction and objective: Population aging in Poland and Europe poses new challenges for healthcare systems. Strategies are being developed at the international and national levels to counteract the effects of the demographic crisis, including reforms in medical staffing. The purpose of this...

The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has significantly shifted from chemoimmunotherapy to targeted therapies like Bruton’s tyrosine kinase and BCL2 inhibitors. Despite these advancements, CLL remains an incurable disease characterized by immune dysregulation, therapeutic resistance, and cumulative toxicities. To overcome these challenges, novel immunotherapeutic strategies are emerging as fundamentally different approaches that target the immune-tumor interactions. These innovations include novel monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies that redirect T-cell cytotoxicity, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies, and natural killer (NK) cell-based platforms. By actively engaging cellular cytotoxicity, these approaches show promise in high-risk and treatment-resistant scenarios where standard pathway inhibition is inadequate. Establishing the optimal use, toxicity management, and combination strategies of these cellularly engaged immunotherapies is now a critical priority in contemporary CLL research.

Background: Organ transplantation is an increasingly performed life‐saving procedure. While survival rates have improved, long‐term outcomes remain challenging. Posttransplant metabolic syndrome (PTMS) affects many solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, increasing cardiovascular risks. Physical activity (PA) is crucial for preventing PTMS and preserving graft function. This study aimed to analyze PA patterns among Polish SOT recipients. Materials and Methods: An anonymous paper survey using a cross‐sectional study design was carried out among patients from one transplant center in Poland. Data were collected from June 2023 to November 2023. We analyzed the correlation between gender, age, body mass index (BMI), time since transplantation, and the number of transplanted organs with patients’ PA using nonparametric tests and logistic regression analysis. Results: Data were collected from 229 respondents: 128 males, 100 females, and one participant who did not provide gender information. A total of 67.3% of patients perceived transplantation as beneficial for their PA, while 19.2% declared a negative impact. Logistic regression revealed that age, BMI, and time since transplantation were not significant predictors of the overall PA level. However, gender significantly differentiated exercise intensity: men tend to spend more time on vigorous activities than women ( p < 0.001) and they participate in such activities more frequently during an average week ( p = 0.004). Furthermore, while age did not determine objective activity levels, older age was significantly correlated with a more negative subjective perception of the transplant’s impact on physical function ( p = 0.045, rho = −0.138). Conclusion: Physical inactivity appears to be a systemic issue among SOT recipients, largely independent of standard clinical parameters like BMI or time since surgery. While men engage more in high‐intensity exercise, older recipients face greater subjective barriers. These findings underscore the urgent need for universal, gender‐tailored, and psychologically supportive exercise programs to improve long‐term outcomes in the SOT population.