Gamma spectroscopy is an analytic technique that identifies isotopes through gamma rays. Currently, gamma spectroscopy is widely used in several science fields, for instance, the study of the hydrodynamics of soils and other applications. Considering the development of computers, it has been developed Monte-Carlo simulation packages, in order to estimate the response of gamma spectroscopy detectors. This work aims to develop a GEANT4 application to estimate the full energy peak efficiency for a HPGe detector and determine the deviation with experimental data. It was carried out measurements of the next radioactive sources, Am-241, Eu-152, Cs-137, and Co-60. These measurements were made at different distances, they were at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 25 cm from the detector’s cover layer. Meanwhile, the simulation was carried out through user action classes to extract energy deposited in the sensitive detector. It was determined full energy peak efficiency of experimental data, through these results, it was estimated a detection factor that measures the deviation between experimental and simulated data. A reason for the deviation was that the simulation did not include the electronic chain of acquisition. Finally, it was suggested that future works should develop a more accurate simulation for multi-emitters isotopes.

En Ecuador, el aumento de la cantidad de crudo pesado extraído genera preocupación en la industria. Debido a su naturaleza viscosa, presenta dificultades en el transporte y en la refinación. El objetivo de este proyecto es el estudio de la reducción de viscosidad de un crudo pesado, extraído del Oriente Ecuatoriano mediante el uso de compuestos dispersantes y disolventes de asfaltenos, para ser transportado dentro de un oleoducto. Para ello, se selecciona y clasifica a los reductores de viscosidad que tienen un efecto disolvente, dispersante o inhibidor de asfaltenos, por medio de sus espectros FT-IR resultantes. Se analiza el cambio de propiedades físicas y químicas del crudo con los reductores seleccionados por medio de cuatro pruebas: a) prueba para determinar la viscosidad; b) análisis S.A.R.A.; c) prueba de oliensis; d) prueba para determinar la gravedad API. Finalmente, se realiza la evaluación de la facilidad del transporte de crudo en un banco de pruebas de tuberías que presenta comportamientos similares al transporte del crudo por un oleoducto. Por medio de la clasificación y selección de los reductores, se escoge a los tres aditivos usados para las pruebas: M01-X, M02-A y M03-S. Se clasifica, a los dos primeros como disolventes de asfaltenos y el último como dispersante de asfaltenos. En la evaluación del cambio de propiedades del crudo el mejor resultado se obtiene con el aditivo “M01-X” con un porcentaje de reducción de viscosidad de 65,0 % y aumento del caudal del crudo de 1,24 a 2,01 (mL/s). Como alternativa y mejor resultado a este reductor se usó una mezcla formada por dos aditivos (M02-A + M03-S) con un porcentaje de reducción de viscosidad de 69,0 % y un aumento de caudal a 2,72 (mL/s).

Quito, recognized as the first UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site, holds a vast documentary legacy at constant risk of deterioration due to environmental, biological, and aging factors. Preserving these historical documents demands sustainable and non-invasive approaches. This study presents the first documented investigation in Ecuador on the use of ionizing radiation for the conservation of historical paper materials. Fifteen fragments, naturally detached from deteriorated documents housed in two major heritage repositories, the Biblioteca Nacional Eugenio Espejo and the Biblioteca Fray Ignacio de Quezada, were selected for analysis. Samples were irradiated with a Co-60 gamma source at doses of 4, 6, and 8 kGy at the “Francisco Salgado T.” Irradiation Center. To evaluate potential alterations, pre- and post-irradiation analyses were conducted using surface pH measurements, colorimetry (ΔE from CIELAB coordinates), and FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. The results showed no statistically significant changes in the analyzed parameters, suggesting that gamma irradiation at these doses does not compromise the structural or visual integrity of the paper. This work represents a pioneering step in Ecuador toward integrating scientific methods into cultural heritage preservation, supporting the safe application of ionizing radiation in the conservation of historical documents.