To prolong the function of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the lifetime of the system has to be increased. WSNs lifetime can be calculated by using a few generic parameters, such as the time until the death of the first node and other parameters according to the application. Literature indicates that choosing the most appropriate cluster head by clustering is one of the most successful ways to improve the lifespan of the WSN. The drawback of clustering protocols is based on the probabilistic model. Sometimes they select two cluster heads for two different clusters which are very close to each other and results in head situated at the edge of the cluster in some cases. This type of cluster head selection leads to a reduction in energy efficiency. Therefore, we have proposed the LEACH-Fuzzy Clustering (LEACH-FC) protocol and implemented a fuzzy logic-based cluster head selection and cluster formation to maximize the lifetime of the network. For selections of cluster head and formation of the cluster, we have used a centralized approach instead of distributed ones. We have also employed fuzzy logic in the selection of vice cluster head, which is also a centralized approach. The proposed algorithm has been found to be effective in balancing the energy load at each node thereby enhancing the reliability of WSN. It outperforms other proposed algorithms for improving network lifetime and energy consumption.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an innovative technology with a broad range of applications and highly attractive benefits, such as low cost of implementation and data transmission, unmonitored access to the network, autonomous and long-term operation. With extensive demand for the advancement of related technologies (cloud computing, near-field communications and cellular mobile networks), the Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming a very exciting paradigm. By using communication technologies in sensors and sensing features in web devices, WSNs have begun interaction with the Iot devices. IoT provides access to a large amount of information gathered by WSNs. However, the security of WSN and IoT comes at a cost, mainly due to privacy management issues. Therefore, this paper offers a comprehensive analysis of security threats against WSN and IoT, along with the strategies for preventing, detecting and mitigating those threats. The related defense mechanisms can help in building a safe IoT expansion and widespread understanding by getting familiar with the details of these attacks. The aim of this paper is to address and demonstrate the impact of the security problems on WSNs from the viewpoint of the IoT and its applications. In the analysis carried out for this work, a classification of available attacks and threats against these requirements has also been included.

The transportation industry is experiencing a switch towards electrification. Availability of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure is very critical for broader acceptance of EVs. The increasing use of OBCs, due to their cost-effectiveness and ease of installation, necessitates addressing key challenges. These include achieving high efficiency and power density to overcome space limitations and reduce charging times. Additionally, the growing interest in bidirectional power flow, allowing EVs to supply power back to the grid, highlights the importance of innovative OBC solutions. This review article provides a thorough analysis of the current advancements, challenges, and prospects in EV on-board charger technology. It aims to offer a comprehensive review of OBC architectures, components, technologies, and emerging trends, guiding future research and development. Addressing these challenges is essential to enhance the efficiency, reliability, and integration of OBCs within the broader EV ecosystem.