In 2022, 2.5 million cases of lung cancer were diagnosed, resulting in 1.8 million deaths. These statistics have motivated us to introduce a new natural product which is feasible in lung cancer therapies. This comprehensive study was performed to study the effects of chia seed extracts (70% ethanol and petroleum ether) on lung cancer in vitro and in vivo models. The invitro cytotoxicity activity of the chia extracts was studied in lung cancer cell lines (A549 cells). After 48 h, chia alcohol and ether extracts showed more inhibitory influence (IC₅₀, 16.08, and 14.8 µg/mL, respectively) on A549 cells compared to Dox (IC₅₀, 13.6 µg/mL). In vivo, administration of chia alcohol and ether extracts (500 mg/kg/day, orally for 20 weeks) recovered 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung cancer, as a significant reduction in the lung cancer biomarkers, including the relative weight of the lung (20.0 and 13.33%), ICAM(31.73 and 15.66%), and c-MYC (80 and 96%) and MMP9(60 and 69%) expression genes, and improvement in these changes were observed by histopathological examinations of the lung tissues compared to the lung control. Chia seeds fought lung cancer via suppression of proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and activation apoptosis. These activities may be attributed to the chemical composition of chia, which is identified by LC-Mass, such as caffeic acid, vanillic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide, and taxifolin. Finally, we can conclude that chia seeds have an anti-lung cancer effect with a good safety margin.

Chenopodium murale (Syn. Chenopodiastrum murale) (amaranthaceae) is used in the rural Egypt to treat oral ulcers in newborn children. The current study aimed to discover new natural products suitable for treating candidiasis disease with minimal side effects. Characterization of bioactive compounds by LC-QTOF-HR-MS/MS from Chenopodium murale fresh leaves’ juice (CMJ) was carried out in order to elucidate their potential anti-fungal and immunomodulatory effects in oral candidiasis in immunosuppressed rats. An oral ulcer candidiasis model was created in three stages: (i) immunosuppression by drinking dexamethasone (0.5 mg/L) for two weeks; (ii) Candida albicans infection (3.00 × 10⁶ viable cell/mL) for one week; and (iii) treatment with CMJ (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg orally) or nystatin (1,000,000 U/L orally) for one week. Two doses of CMJ exhibited antifungal effects, for example, through a significant reduction in CFU/Petri (236.67 ± 37.86 and 4.33 ± 0.58 CFU/Petri), compared to the Candida control (5.86 × 10⁴ ± 1.21 CFU/Petri), p ≤ 0.001. In addition, CMJ significantly induced neutrophil production (32.92% ± 1.29 and 35.68% ± 1.77) compared to the Candida control level of 26.50% ± 2.44. An immunomodulatory effect of CMJ at two doses appeared, with a considerable elevation in INF-γ (103.88 and 115.91%), IL-2 (143.50, 182.33%), and IL-17 (83.97 and 141.95% Pg/mL) compared with the Candida group. LC-MS/MS analysis operated in negative mode was used for tentative identification of secondary (SM) metabolites based on their retention times and fragment ions. A total of 42 phytoconstituents were tentatively identified. Finally, CMJ exhibited a potent antifungal effect. CMJ fought Candida through four strategies: (i) promotion of classical phagocytosis of neutrophils; (ii) activation of T cells that activate IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-17; (iii) increasing the production of cytotoxic NO and H₂O₂ that can kill Candida; and (iv) activation of SOD, which converts superoxide to antimicrobial materials. These activities could be due to its active constituents, which are documented as anti-fungal, or due to its richness in flavonoids, especially the active compounds of kaempferol glycosides and aglycone, which have been documented as antifungal. After repetition on another type of small experimental animal, their offspring, and an experimental large animal, this study may lead to clinical trials.

Lung cancer is a prevalent and very aggressive sickness that will likely claim 1.8 million lives by 2022, with an estimated 2.2 million additional cases expected worldwide. The goal of the current investigation was to determine whether petroleum ether extract of purslane leaf could be used to treat lung cancer induced by 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-buta-4 none (NNK) in rats. In the in vitro extract recorded, promising anticancer effects in A540 cell lines with IC₅₀ were close to the reference drug, doxorubicin (14.3 and 13.8 μg/mL, respectively). A dose of 500 mg/kg/day orally for 20 weeks exhibited recovery effects on NNK-induced lung cancer with a good safety margin, where Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1), the lung cancer biomarker, was significantly reduced by about 18.75% compared to cancer control. Purslane exhibited many anticancer mechanisms, including (i) anti-proliferation as a significant reduction in Ki67 level (20.42%), (ii) anti-angiogenesis as evident by a considerable decrease in Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression (79%), (iii) anti-inflammation as a remarked decline in Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) expression (62%), (iv) pro-apoptotic effect as a significant activation in Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) expression (262%), and (v) anti-oxidation as remarkable activation on antioxidant biomarkers either non-enzymatic or enzymatic concurrent with considerable depletion on oxidative stress biomarker, in comparison to cancer control. The histopathological examination revealed that Purslane extract showed markedly improved tissue structure and reduced pathological changes across all examined organs caused by NNK. The anti-lung cancer effect exhibited by the extract may be linked to the active ingredients of the extract that were characterized by LC–MS, such as α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, β-sitosterol, and alkaloids (berberine and magnoflorine).

Objective: Cleome genus belonging to Cleomeaceae family is used as an antidiabetic agent in Egyptian folk medicine. The current study aimed to isolated and identify the active constitutes of two species, Cleome africana and Cleome droserifolia, and to study the biological activities, such as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective. Materials and methods: The lipid constituents of two plant species, C. africana and C. droserifolia, were extracted with petroleum ether and fractionated to acetone-insoluble fraction and acetone-soluble fraction. Molecular docking studies were carried out in isolated compounds. Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities of the promising compounds were investigated. Results and conclusion: The fatty alcohols and hydrocarbons were identified from the acetone-insoluble fraction. C. africana comprises four fatty alcohols, in which tetratetracontanol is the main one, whereas C. droserifolia consists of two fatty alcohols, in which dotriacontanol is the main one. The hydrocarbons include seven compounds, with tritriacontane as the main one in both species. The acetone-soluble fraction was saponified to afford the unsaponifiable fraction, which contains in C. africana a series of n-alkanes from n-C14 to n-C31, representing 93.66%, with n-C22 as the main one, in addition to a sterol fraction, forming 5.13%, in which β-sitosterol is the main compound, and the fraction of C. droserifolia was found to contain a series of n-alkanes from n-C18 to n-C30, representing 60.46%, in which n-C30 is the main compound, besides sterols, representing about 39.54%, with campesterol as a major compound (12.46%), and finally, a triterpene fraction consisting of α-amyrin and β-amyrin. In addition, fatty acids as a mixture of eight acids (saturated and unsaturated) were found in both species; the major two acids are linoleic acid (38.99%) and palmitic acid (33.05%). Extraction of the glucosinolate (GL) constituents from the methanolic extract of C. africana led to isolation and identification of one compound (G), identified as 3-ethylsulfonyl-2,3-dimethoxypropyl GLs. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the total GLs allowed us to identify eight isothiocyanate and two thione compounds. Molecular docking of compound G with glucosidase enzyme using C-DOCKER protocol resulted in having higher docking scores relative to the lead molecule and the ligand (Glimepiride). Accordingly, molecular docking studies proved that the molecule of G compound has a promising active hits and can be used as antidiabetic through glucosidase inhibitor and also different extracts exhibited an anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activity.