Lung cancer is currently the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In recent years, checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy (ICI) has emerged as a new treatment. A better understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TMJ) or the immune system surrounding the tumor is needed. Cytokines are small proteins that carry messages between cells and are known to play an important role in the body’s response to inflammation and infection. Cytokines are important for immunity in lung cancer. They promote tumor growth (oncogenic cytokines) or inhibit tumor growth (anti-tumour cytokines) by controlling signaling pathways for growth, proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis. The immune system relies heavily on cytokines. They can also be produced in the laboratory for therapeutic use. Cytokine therapy helps the immune system to stop the growth or kill cancer cells. Interleukins and interferons are the two types of cytokines used to treat cancer. This article begins by addressing the role of the TMJ and its components in lung cancer. This review also highlights the functions of various cytokines such as interleukins (IL), transforming growth factor (TGF), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

Every 25th death worldwide is associated with liver pathology. The development of novel approaches to liver diseases therapy and protocols for maintaining the vital functions of patients on the liver transplant waiting list are urgently needed. Resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a significant role in supporting liver tissue integrity and improve the liver condition after infusion. However, it remains unclear whether MSCs isolated from chronically inflamed livers are similar in their basic cellular properties to MSCs obtained from healthy livers. We applied a large array of tests to compare resident MSCs isolated from apparently normal liver tissue and from chronically inflamed livers of patients with fibrosis, cirrhosis, and viral hepatitis. Chronic inflammatory environment did not alter the major cellular characteristics of MSCs, including the expression of MSC markers, stem cell markers, adhesion molecules, and the hallmarks of senescence, as well as cell proliferation, migration, and secretome. Only the expression of some immune checkpoints and toll-like receptors was different. Evidently, MSCs with unchanged cellular properties are present in human liver even at late stages of inflammatory diseases. These cells can be isolated and used as starting material in the development of cell therapies of liver diseases.

Background. The combination of several diagnostic methods is used to predict treatment outcomes, assess overall survival, and increase the positive predictive value of detecting malignant lung and bronchial tumors. Aim. To evaluate the diagnostic value of the CLIA-СА-62 chemiluminescence immunoassay reagent kit for the detection of early (IaIIb) and advanced (IIIac) stages of lung cancer (LC) in a double-blind clinical study and to assess the use of the CA-62 cancer antigen as a supportive decision-making tool in LC diagnosis in patients with suspicious changes on the tomogram or as a tool for pre-screening of LC prior to computed tomography (CT) to increase diagnostic sensitivity in the detection of early (I and II) stages of LC. Materials and methods. A blinded clinical study was conducted on 304 clinically verified serum samples, including 141 samples from patients with non-small cell LC (NSCLC), 133 healthy volunteers, and 30 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Quantification of other well-known tumor markers used in the diagnosis of LC (CEA, CA-125, CA 15-3, CA 19-9, CYFRА 21-1, NSE, and SCC), as well as the CA-62 marker in all serum samples was performed using electrochemiluminescent immunoassay Elecsys CA-125, ELECSYS CA 19-9, ELECSYS CYFRА 21-1 and ELECSYS SCC (COBAS, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany, EU), enzyme-linked immunoassay CA 15-3-ELISA-BEST, CEA-ELISA-BEST, NSE-ELISA-BEST (AO Vector-Best, Russia) and chemiluminescent immunoassay CLIA-СА-62 (JVS Diagnostics, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia). Results. CA-62 glycoprotein showed the highest level of expression at stage I NSCLC (12 745 U/mL) compared to other tumor markers studied and remained very high at the later stages of cancer: stage II (11 261 U/mL) and stage III (10 220 U/mL). A comparative analysis of the ROC curves of the most promising tumor markers CEA, CYFRA 21-1, SCC, and CA-62 for the entire NSCLC cohort versus all healthy volunteers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease showed a significant difference in the area under the curve between CA-62 (AUC 0.981) and other markers: CEA (AUC 0.84) CYFRA 21-1 (AUC 0.753)SCC (AUC 0.682). When detecting early stages (I and II) of NSCLC, a comparison of the sensitivity of the studied tumor markers showed the following pattern: CA-62 (92%)CEA (37%)CYFRA 21-1 (9%) and SCC (9%)NSE (4.5%)CA-125 (3%)CA 15-3 (1.5%)CA 199 (1%). In contrast to the CEA, CA 15-3, CA-125, NSE, CA 19-9, CYFRA 21-1, and SCC tumor markers, which are expressed proportionally to tumor growth, the epithelial carcinoma marker CA-62 showed the highest diagnostic indicators in the detection of LC early stages (III): sensitivity 92.5%, specificity 96.3%, positive predictive value 91.2%, NPV 97%, with 95% accuracy of LC detection with biopsy. Conclusion. The study results showed that in order to increase the specificity of computed tomography in diagnosing LC in patients with suspicious lesion on the CT scan on the tomogram, the use of the carcinoma-specific marker CA-62 can improve the interpretation of the localized focus visualized and increase the accuracy of differential diagnosis at the early stages of LC to 96%, thus contributing to an increase of the overall survival among patients with lung cancer. Of the entire panel of markers, only glycoprotein CA-62 showed a strong correlation with histology (kappa 0.91) in identifying the malignant process with inconclusive results of low-dose CT (LDCT). In the future, introducing the CA-62 marker to the current system for assessing the LC risk as a pre-screening for LDCT can improve the detection of early LC by reducing false-positive results. Once introduced into existing screening programs, it can help significantly reduce the number of patients who need LDCT, decreasing the workload of LDCT and reducing radiation exposure.

Lung cancer accounts for the majority of cancer cases. In recent years, checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy (ICI) has emerged as a new treatment. A better understanding of the tumor microenvironment, or TMJ, or the immune system surrounding the tumor is needed. Cytokines are small proteins that carry messages between cells and are known to play an important role in the body's response to inflammation and infection. Cytokines are important for immunity in lung cancer. It promotes tumor growth (oncogenic cytokines) or inhibits tumor growth (anti-tumor cytokines) by controlling signaling pathways for growth, proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis. The immune system relies heavily on cytokines. They can also be produced in the laboratory for therapeutic use. Cytokine therapy helps the immune system stop the growth or kill cancer cells. Interleukins and interferons are two types of cytokines used to treat cancer. This article begins by addressing the role of the tumor microenvironment (TMJ) and its components in lung cancer. This review also highlights the functions of various cytokines such as IL, TGF and TNF.

In memory of L.I. Kurmanseitova, the initiator of this patient registry In 2016, an initiative group, in coordination with the leadership of the Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association of Commonwealth of Independent States, established the "Registry of Patients with Post-Traumatic Bile Duct Strictures" with the aim of assessing long-term treatment outcomes and developing unified approaches to the management of patients with benign bile duct strictures and biliodigestive anastomoses. The registry was officially registered as a federal database. From 2016 to 2024, data on 426 patients were entered into the registry. In 72.8% of patients, the stricture developed after surgeries on the gallbladder and bile ducts. According to the registry data, 33.2% of patients underwent surgical treatment, 33.9% received interventional radiology procedures, 14.4% were treated endoscopically, and 17.8% underwent combined treatment methods. Long-term outcome data were available for 47.3% of patients. This work presents an analysis of treatment outcomes in this patient population based on the registry data. Further development of the registry with an expanded and more detailed database is planned, which will enable more in-depth and high-quality analysis, including the use of artificial intelligence.

Современные представления о трансфузиологическом обеспечении обширных резекций печени