Introduction/Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and conditions of teeth with molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in the early adult population. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 298 students from the School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, from the third to the fifth year of study. The presence of MIH was registered on the basis of European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry diagnostic criteria, and oral health and caries risk were assessed by standard dental examination and determination of DMF index values. The MIH sample was divided into two groups: untreated teeth (the estimation of the degree of hypomineralization was based on the color, location, and size of the hypomineralized part of the enamel) and treated teeth (where types of preventive and various restorative treatments were registered). Statistical analysis was performed using the ?2 test (p < 0.05). Results. MIH was observed in 90 subjects (30.2%). The results of the oral health examination showed that the average DMF index was medium risk (7.66) for the MIH sample. MIH-untreated teeth showed a mild or moderate degree of hypomineralization. The presence of extensive carious lesions, secondary caries, as well as the loss of the first permanent molars was statistically significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to the sample without MIH changes. Conclusion. The study results confirmed the problem in recognizing and adequately treating MIH-altered teeth.

Maxillofacial defects, located in a region characterized by a complex interplay of soft and hard tissues, along with a sophisticated capillary and neural network, have long posed significant challenges in both clinical practice and research

Three-dimensional (3D) (bio)printing has emerged as a relevant approach in bone tissue regeneration, enabling the precise fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds. The incorporation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) into 3D-(bio)printed constructs represents a promising cell-free strategy to enhance bone regeneration. EVs, as natural mediators of intercellular communication, contribute to osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and immune modulation. This review aims to evaluate current evidence on the use of EVs-enhanced 3D (bio)printing for bone regeneration. The literature search was conducted across different databases. In vitro and in vivo studies using EVs-containing (bio)printed constructs to assess osteogenic differentiation and/or bone regeneration were included. Out of 552 articles, 35 met the inclusion criteria. Most EVs were derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and were incorporated into scaffolds either before or after printing. Extrusion-based bioprinting was the most commonly used method. Nearly all studies reported enhanced osteogenic differentiation and bone formation in EV-treated groups, underscoring their therapeutic potential. EVs-based bioinks retain the regenerative benefits of stem cells while avoiding challenges associated to cell-based therapies. Despite encouraging results, standardization in EV isolation, storage, and delivery remains crucial for clinical translation. This review highlights the growing significance of EVs in regenerative medicine and identifies key areas for future research and development.

Root canal negotiation that establishes a full working-length canal and creates a glide path (GP) prior to mechanical root canal instrumentation reduces the risk of procedural errors and significantly contributes to the success of endodontic therapy. The aim of this narrative review was to critically analyze currently available stainless-steel manual instruments used for root canal negotiation and glide path preparation, with an emphasis on their design characteristics, mechanical behavior, and clinical applicability. The manuscript describes instruments manufactured from conventional stainless steel and stainless-steel alloys modified by specific heat treatments to improve their mechanical properties. The cross-sectional and tip design of the instruments were analyzed to provide more profound insight into the effect of these parameters on apical patency and overall instrument reliability during clinical use. The potential advantages and limitations of the analyzed instruments are discussed, along with recommendations for their selection in specific clinical situations, depending on the complexity of the root canal system.

Introduction/Objective. Aim was to evaluate the push-out bond strength to root canal dentine and radiopacity of three different sealers: Adseal (Meta Biomed Co., Cheongju-si, South Korea), CeraSeal (Meta Biomed Co.) and control AH Plus (Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC, USA). Methods. In nine dentin discs, 1 mm thickness, three holes, 1.2 mm diameter, were drilled in with a fissure carbide bur. Discs were immersed in 0.5% NaOCl and 10% citric acid respectively, for 60 seconds rinsed and dried. Every hole was filled with different sealer. Specimens were wrapped in gauze previously immersed in Hank?s balanced salt solution at 37?C/seven days. The push-out test was performed using universal testing machine at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. The radiopacity was tested (ISO 6876/2012 standard). Three sealer specimens, 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick were prepared and radiographed using radiovisiography system (CCD sensor, Trophy Radiologie, Marne-la-Vallee, France) with graded aluminum step-wedge. Gray-scale value was assessed using Adobe Photoshop CS7 (Adobe Inc. San Jose, CA, USA). Results. Mean values of push-out bond strength were 5.21 ? 0.87 MPa (Adseal), 0.06 ? 0.02 MPa (CeraSeal), and 3.13 ? 0.38 MPa (AH Plus). A statistically significant difference in push-out bond strength was observed among all three sealer groups (p < 0.05). Adseal exhibited the strongest bond strength to root canal dentine. All sealers achieved radiopacity over 3 mm, with statistically significant difference among the groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion. The epoxy-based sealer Adseal showed higher bond strength compared to AH Plus and calcium silicate-based sealer CeraSeal, which, expectedly, showed the weakest dislocation resistance. All three sealers fulfilled the ISO standard to be distinguished on dental radiogram.

Laser‐assisted bioprinting (LAB) enables precise spatial patterning of living cells within three‐dimensional constructs; however, the lack of non‐destructive, standardised methods for longitudinal evaluation remains a major limitation to construct optimisation and translation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers unique advantages for volumetric and repeated imaging due to its non‐invasiveness, yet its application to complex multilayer bioprinted constructs has not been systematically assessed using quantitative workflows. In this study, we developed and evaluated an MRI‐based pipeline for the longitudinal tracking and quantitative analysis of laser‐assisted bioprinted cells within three‐dimensional constructs of increasing architectural complexity. Iron oxide–labelled endothelial cells were bioprinted onto gelatin‐based biopapers in predefined patterns and assembled into constructs composed of three, six or nine stacked layers. Constructs were monitored at 4.7 T using a high‐resolution three‐dimensional steady‐state free precession sequence for up to 35 days, and quantitative image analysis was independently performed by three operators using the open‐source 3D Slicer image computing platform. MRI enabled clear visualisation of printed patterns and multilayer architectures over time due to the signal drop induced by iron oxide particles. Quantitative analysis demonstrated high inter‐operator reproducibility and revealed construct thickness–dependent differences in volume and signal‐to‐noise ratio. As a proof of concept, stacked bioprinted constructs were additionally visualised post‐mortem in a murine calvarial defect model, enabling discrimination of individual layers and printed patterns. Together, these results establish MRI as a robust, non‐destructive tool for the longitudinal evaluation of complex laser‐assisted bioprinted constructs.