Phytate anion connecting two, three and four chitosan chains.

Means of eliminating water pollutants or transforming them into less hazardous compounds by green catalysis are desired. The current work was developed with the goal of discovering supports suited for laccase (Lc) immobilization. The effect of the chitosan (CS) molecular weight (Mw) or the polyacrylic acid (PAA) addition was evaluated in microsphere formulation and enzyme immobilization by ESEM, rheology, operational stability, and kinetics. As a practical application, the synthesized products were tested in the methyl red (MR) decomposition and the product identification was performed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Depending on the required properties, the laccase activity profile (pH, temperature, storage, and Michaelis–Menten parameters) and rheological strength can be modulated by varying the molecular mass of CS or by adding PAA in the support formulation. The immobilized products having the best features regarding MR degradation and recycling abilities were the medium Mw CS microspheres and the system with low Mw CS complexed by PAA, respectively. The degradation mechanism of the dye was proposed accordingly with the identified products by mass spectroscopy. The findings emphasize the potential of the proposed immobilization products to be exploited as viable biocatalysts for dye-contaminated water.

The fields of healthcare and pharmaceutical science are increasingly focused on developing innovative and effective treatments. This trend is driven by a growing consumer demand for natural, sustainable, and highly functional polymer-based products. This study focuses on two biomaterials: chitosan and royal jelly. Chitosan, a linear polysaccharide derived from chitin, is well-regarded for its hemostatic and antimicrobial properties, making it an excellent candidate for wound healing applications. Royal jelly, a nutrient-rich secretion from honeybees, represents a complex mixture of proteins, lipids, vitamins, and antioxidants, notably 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-H2DA). It is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and regenerative effects on the skin. While the individual benefits of chitosan and royal jelly are well-documented, there is a significant research gap concerning their synergistic application in various treatments such as topical formulations, wound healing, regenerative medicine, and delivery transport processes. Ultimately, this review concludes that the synergistic effects of chitosan and royal jelly could provide a material platform with a superior dual-action profile, integrating the structural and antimicrobial benefits of chitosan with the powerful regenerative and anti-inflammatory effects of royal jelly. This synergy strongly supports their utility in developing next-generation, high-performance natural bioproducts for wound healing, bone regeneration, agriculture, or aquaculture applications.

For decades, royal jelly achieved notoriety and became an ultra-rich ingredient with numerous pharmacological properties especially for its use in production of topical ointments and creams. A novel formulation enriched with 2% royal jelly has been developed and characterized. Rheological results highlight a gel-like behavior of the product in the packaging, as it does not flow from the costumer’s hand after application and behaves like a liquid, spreading evenly onto clean skin. A clear comparison in size distribution of pure and cream samples was noticed by dynamic light scattering analysis and completed further by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) which showed off shift changes in the gel sample as compared to pure compounds. MTT assays were conducted in quintuplicate on murine fibroblasts cell line (NCTC L-929) for testing the biocompatibility of the product in the range of 50–1000 μg/mL over 24, 48 and 72 h. The designed formulation is typically intended to deliver active compounds to the skin surface and potentially into deeper layers. A molecular docking study was performed for binding mode prediction of P-gp protein residues with two ligands, quercetin and myricetin, in order to investigate their role in the internal modulation of drug transport across cell membranes within the skin.