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The occurrence of Legionella spp. in the water distribution systems of large hospitals and other healthcare facilities is considered particularly dangerous, due to the critical nature of the hospitalized patients. The aim of this study is to present a pluri-annual environmental surveillance in a large university hospital assessing the prevalence of Legionella spp. and underlining its variability over the years. The samples of water were collected in accordance with the Italian National Guidelines and the sampling sites considered in this study were selected favoring wards with very high-risk patients and with patients at increased risk. The laboratory analyzed a total of 305 water samples deriving from 24 different sampling points. Legionella spp. were detected in 39.4% of samples, the majority of which were contaminated by Legionella pneumophila serogroups 2–14 (68.7%). Statistically significant differences were found among different seasons with a linear trend in positive proportion from summer to spring. Several experimental interventions to prevent and reduce Legionella colonization were attempted, but there is no a definitive method for the complete eradication of this microorganism. The permanent monitoring of hospital water distribution systems is fundamental to preventing the potential risk of nosocomial Legionellosis and to implementing procedures to minimize the risk of Legionella spp. colonization.
Giovanna Deiana; Antonella Arghittu; Marco Dettori; Maria Dolores Masia; Maria Grazia Deriu; Andrea Piana; Maria Rosaria Muroni; Paolo Castiglia; Antonio Azara. Environmental Surveillance of Legionella spp. in an Italian University Hospital Results of 10 Years of Analysis. Water 2021, 13, 2304 .
AMA StyleGiovanna Deiana, Antonella Arghittu, Marco Dettori, Maria Dolores Masia, Maria Grazia Deriu, Andrea Piana, Maria Rosaria Muroni, Paolo Castiglia, Antonio Azara. Environmental Surveillance of Legionella spp. in an Italian University Hospital Results of 10 Years of Analysis. Water. 2021; 13 (16):2304.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanna Deiana; Antonella Arghittu; Marco Dettori; Maria Dolores Masia; Maria Grazia Deriu; Andrea Piana; Maria Rosaria Muroni; Paolo Castiglia; Antonio Azara. 2021. "Environmental Surveillance of Legionella spp. in an Italian University Hospital Results of 10 Years of Analysis." Water 13, no. 16: 2304.
Objectives/Hypothesis The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between the severity and duration of olfactory dysfunctions (OD), assessed with psychophysical tests, and the viral load on the rhino-pharyngeal swab determined with a direct method, in patients affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Study design Prospective cohort study. Methods Patients underwent psychophysical olfactory assessment with Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center test and determination of the normalized viral load on nasopharyngeal swab within 10 days of the clinical onset of COVID-19. Results Sixty COVID-19 patients were included in this study. On psychophysical testing, 12 patients (20% of the cohort) presented with anosmia, 11 (18.3%) severe hyposmia, 13 (18.3%) moderate hyposmia, and 10 (16.7%) mild hyposmia with an overall prevalence of OD of 76.7%. The overall median olfactory score was 50 (interquartile range [IQR] 30–72.5) with no significant differences between clinical severity subgroups. The median normalized viral load detected in the series was 2.56E+06 viral copies/106 copies of human beta-2microglobulin mRNA present in the sample (IQR 3.17E+04–1.58E+07) without any significant correlations with COVID-19 severity. The correlation between viral load and olfactory scores at baseline (R2 = 0.0007; P = .844) and 60-day follow-up (R2 = 0.0077; P = .519) was weak and not significant. Conclusions The presence of OD does not seem to be useful in identifying subjects at risk for being super-spreaders or who is at risk of developing long-term OD. Similarly, the pathogenesis of OD is probably related to individual factors rather than to viral load and activity. Level of evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 2021
Luigi Angelo Vaira; Giovanna Deiana; Jerome R. Lechien; Andrea De Vito; Andrea Cossu; Marco Dettori; Arcadia Del Rio; Sven Saussez; Giordano Madeddu; Sergio Babudieri; Alessandro G. Fois; Clementina Cocuzza Md; Claire Hopkins; Giacomo De Riu; Andrea Fausto Piana. Correlations Between Olfactory Psychophysical Scores and SARS‐CoV ‐2 Viral Load in COVID ‐19 Patients. The Laryngoscope 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleLuigi Angelo Vaira, Giovanna Deiana, Jerome R. Lechien, Andrea De Vito, Andrea Cossu, Marco Dettori, Arcadia Del Rio, Sven Saussez, Giordano Madeddu, Sergio Babudieri, Alessandro G. Fois, Clementina Cocuzza Md, Claire Hopkins, Giacomo De Riu, Andrea Fausto Piana. Correlations Between Olfactory Psychophysical Scores and SARS‐CoV ‐2 Viral Load in COVID ‐19 Patients. The Laryngoscope. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuigi Angelo Vaira; Giovanna Deiana; Jerome R. Lechien; Andrea De Vito; Andrea Cossu; Marco Dettori; Arcadia Del Rio; Sven Saussez; Giordano Madeddu; Sergio Babudieri; Alessandro G. Fois; Clementina Cocuzza Md; Claire Hopkins; Giacomo De Riu; Andrea Fausto Piana. 2021. "Correlations Between Olfactory Psychophysical Scores and SARS‐CoV ‐2 Viral Load in COVID ‐19 Patients." The Laryngoscope , no. : 1.
The aim of the study is to evaluate the preparedness of retirement and nursing homes in the city of Sassari at the end of the first wave of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 epidemic, first by investigating the risk perception of epidemic outbreaks by the facility managers and subsequently by carrying out a field assessment of these facilities. To perform the field assessment, a checklist developed by the CDC (Infection Prevention and Control Assessment Tool for Nursing Homes Preparing for COVID-19) and adapted to the Italian context was used. Fourteen facilities took part in the survey (87.5%). The application of good practices for each survey area was expressed as a percentage with the following median values: restriction policies (87.5%), staff training (53.8%), resident training (67.6%), availability of personal protective equipment (41.7%), infection control practices (73.5%) and communication (80%). Among the facilities, considerable variability was observed in these evaluation fields: only the restriction policies and communication activities were applied uniformly. A discrepancy was found between perceived risk and real danger in the facilities, requiring targeted communication actions. At present, it is necessary to promote a new approach based on the prediction of critical events, thereby providing the means to effectively address them.
Carmelo Gugliotta; Davide Gentili; Silvia Marras; Marco Dettori; Pietro Muglia; Maria Desole; Marcello Acciaro; Sabina Bellu; Antonio Azara; Paolo Castiglia. SARS-CoV-2 Epidemics in Retirement and Nursing Homes in Italy: A New Preparedness Assessment Model after the First Epidemic Wave. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 5712 .
AMA StyleCarmelo Gugliotta, Davide Gentili, Silvia Marras, Marco Dettori, Pietro Muglia, Maria Desole, Marcello Acciaro, Sabina Bellu, Antonio Azara, Paolo Castiglia. SARS-CoV-2 Epidemics in Retirement and Nursing Homes in Italy: A New Preparedness Assessment Model after the First Epidemic Wave. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (11):5712.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmelo Gugliotta; Davide Gentili; Silvia Marras; Marco Dettori; Pietro Muglia; Maria Desole; Marcello Acciaro; Sabina Bellu; Antonio Azara; Paolo Castiglia. 2021. "SARS-CoV-2 Epidemics in Retirement and Nursing Homes in Italy: A New Preparedness Assessment Model after the First Epidemic Wave." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5712.
In 2013, in a bid to combat Vaccine Hesitancy (VH) and provide information on vaccines by communicating with the general public and the health community (e.g., healthcare workers and public health operators), the Italian Society of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine (S.It.I.) published the national website “VaccinarSì”. The project was subsequently extended to ten Italian Regions. This led to the creation of the VaccinarSì Network, whose websites are publicly owned. The aim of this work was to present the framework of the websites of the VaccinarSì Network and to analyse user behaviour in the pre-COVID-19-era (dating from each website’s publication until 31 January 2020) and in the COVID-19-era (from 1 February 2020 to 31 January 2021). Some metrics such as the number of visits to the site (sessions, number of users and average session duration), user behaviour (pages viewed, bounce rate and organic search) and the session acquisition path (direct traffic, referrals and social traffic) were searched, extrapolated and processed with Google Analytics. Qualitative and normally distributed quantitative variables were summarised with their absolute (relative) frequencies and means. Statistical differences between the means of the two periods were evaluated through paired t-test. A two-tailed p-value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. When the total values recorded over the period were compared, an overall increase in metrics was observed—the number of individual users, visits and individual pageviews rose in a statistically significant way. Our study aimed to highlight how combining disciplines such as health education and digital communication via Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) represents the best strategy to support citizens. This approach gives them the tools to become independent and responsible players that are capable of voluntarily and consciously choosing to adhere to vaccination programs. The VaccinarSì Network’s goal for the future is to reach an even wider audience. By building each user’s critical knowledge, this network enables users to be active components of a wider, more empowered community.
Antonella Arghittu; Marco Dettori; Emma Dempsey; Giovanna Deiana; Claudio Angelini; Angela Bechini; Caterina Bertoni; Sara Boccalini; Paolo Bonanni; Sandro Cinquetti; Fabrizio Chiesi; Maria Chironna; Claudio Costantino; Antonio Ferro; Daniel Fiacchini; Giancarlo Icardi; Andrea Poscia; Francesca Russo; Andrea Siddu; Antonietta Spadea; Laura Sticchi; Maria Triassi; Francesco Vitale; Paolo Castiglia. Health Communication in COVID-19 Era: Experiences from the Italian VaccinarSì Network Websites. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 5642 .
AMA StyleAntonella Arghittu, Marco Dettori, Emma Dempsey, Giovanna Deiana, Claudio Angelini, Angela Bechini, Caterina Bertoni, Sara Boccalini, Paolo Bonanni, Sandro Cinquetti, Fabrizio Chiesi, Maria Chironna, Claudio Costantino, Antonio Ferro, Daniel Fiacchini, Giancarlo Icardi, Andrea Poscia, Francesca Russo, Andrea Siddu, Antonietta Spadea, Laura Sticchi, Maria Triassi, Francesco Vitale, Paolo Castiglia. Health Communication in COVID-19 Era: Experiences from the Italian VaccinarSì Network Websites. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (11):5642.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonella Arghittu; Marco Dettori; Emma Dempsey; Giovanna Deiana; Claudio Angelini; Angela Bechini; Caterina Bertoni; Sara Boccalini; Paolo Bonanni; Sandro Cinquetti; Fabrizio Chiesi; Maria Chironna; Claudio Costantino; Antonio Ferro; Daniel Fiacchini; Giancarlo Icardi; Andrea Poscia; Francesca Russo; Andrea Siddu; Antonietta Spadea; Laura Sticchi; Maria Triassi; Francesco Vitale; Paolo Castiglia. 2021. "Health Communication in COVID-19 Era: Experiences from the Italian VaccinarSì Network Websites." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11: 5642.
Background: The aim of this preliminary study was to measure radon concentrations in a hospital in order to verify to what extent these concentrations depend on various environmental variables taken into consideration, and consequently to determine the urgency to implement mitigation actions. Methods: The rooms where the concentration of the gas was potentially highest were monitored. Investigators adopted a Continuous Radon Monitor testing device. Qualitative and normally distributed quantitative variables were summarised with absolute (relative) frequencies and means (standard deviations, SD), respectively. As regards environmental variables, the difference in radon concentrations was determined using the rank-based nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis H test and the Mann–Whitney U test. Results: All measurements, excluding the radiotherapy bunkers that showed high values due to irradiation of radiotherapy instruments, showed low radon levels, although there is currently no known safe level of radon exposure. In addition, high variability in radon concentration was found linked to various environmental and behavioural characteristics. Conclusions: The results on the variability of radon levels in hospital buildings highlighted the key role of monitoring activities on indoor air quality and, consequently, on the occupants’ health.
Giovanna Deiana; Marco Dettori; Maria Masia; Antonio Spano; Andrea Piana; Antonella Arghittu; Paolo Castiglia; Antonio Azara. Monitoring Radon Levels in Hospital Environments. Findings of a Preliminary Study in the University Hospital of Sassari, Italy. Environments 2021, 8, 28 .
AMA StyleGiovanna Deiana, Marco Dettori, Maria Masia, Antonio Spano, Andrea Piana, Antonella Arghittu, Paolo Castiglia, Antonio Azara. Monitoring Radon Levels in Hospital Environments. Findings of a Preliminary Study in the University Hospital of Sassari, Italy. Environments. 2021; 8 (4):28.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanna Deiana; Marco Dettori; Maria Masia; Antonio Spano; Andrea Piana; Antonella Arghittu; Paolo Castiglia; Antonio Azara. 2021. "Monitoring Radon Levels in Hospital Environments. Findings of a Preliminary Study in the University Hospital of Sassari, Italy." Environments 8, no. 4: 28.
The awareness of citizens concerning the health risks caused by environmental pollution is growing, but studies on determinants of pro-environmental behaviors have rarely examined health-related aspects. In this study, we investigated these determinants using data from a large survey among Italian university students (15 Universities: 4778 filled questionnaires). Besides the health-related aspects, represented by environmental health risk perception and functional health literacy, we considered social and demographic characteristics (gender, area of residence, sources of information, trust in institutional and non-institutional subjects, and students’ capacity of positive actions, indicated as internal locus of control). The attitudes towards pro-environmental behaviors were positive for more than 70% of students and positively related with health risk perception, internal locus of control, and health literacy. The correspondence between the positive attitudes towards pro-environmental behaviors and the real adoption of such behaviors was approximately 20% for most behaviors, except for the separate collection of waste (60%). Such a discrepancy can be attributable to external obstacles (i.e., lack of time, costs, lack of support). The health-related aspects were linked to the pro-environmental attitudes, but to a lesser extent to pro-environmental behaviors, owing to the complexity of their determinants. However, they should be taken in account in planning education interventions.
Annalaura Carducci; Maria Fiore; Antonio Azara; Guglielmo Bonaccorsi; Martina Bortoletto; Giuseppina Caggiano; Andrea Calamusa; Antonella De Donno; Osvalda De Giglio; Marco Dettori; Pamela Di Giovanni; Angela Di Pietro; Alessio Facciolà; Ileana Federigi; Iolanda Grappasonni; Alberto Izzotti; Giovanni Libralato; Chiara Lorini; Maria Montagna; Liberata Nicolosi; Grazia Paladino; Giacomo Palomba; Fabio Petrelli; Tiziana Schilirò; Stefania Scuri; Francesca Serio; Marina Tesauro; Marco Verani; Marco Vinceti; Federica Violi; Margherita Ferrante. Pro-Environmental Behaviors: Determinants and Obstacles among Italian University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 3306 .
AMA StyleAnnalaura Carducci, Maria Fiore, Antonio Azara, Guglielmo Bonaccorsi, Martina Bortoletto, Giuseppina Caggiano, Andrea Calamusa, Antonella De Donno, Osvalda De Giglio, Marco Dettori, Pamela Di Giovanni, Angela Di Pietro, Alessio Facciolà, Ileana Federigi, Iolanda Grappasonni, Alberto Izzotti, Giovanni Libralato, Chiara Lorini, Maria Montagna, Liberata Nicolosi, Grazia Paladino, Giacomo Palomba, Fabio Petrelli, Tiziana Schilirò, Stefania Scuri, Francesca Serio, Marina Tesauro, Marco Verani, Marco Vinceti, Federica Violi, Margherita Ferrante. Pro-Environmental Behaviors: Determinants and Obstacles among Italian University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (6):3306.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnnalaura Carducci; Maria Fiore; Antonio Azara; Guglielmo Bonaccorsi; Martina Bortoletto; Giuseppina Caggiano; Andrea Calamusa; Antonella De Donno; Osvalda De Giglio; Marco Dettori; Pamela Di Giovanni; Angela Di Pietro; Alessio Facciolà; Ileana Federigi; Iolanda Grappasonni; Alberto Izzotti; Giovanni Libralato; Chiara Lorini; Maria Montagna; Liberata Nicolosi; Grazia Paladino; Giacomo Palomba; Fabio Petrelli; Tiziana Schilirò; Stefania Scuri; Francesca Serio; Marina Tesauro; Marco Verani; Marco Vinceti; Federica Violi; Margherita Ferrante. 2021. "Pro-Environmental Behaviors: Determinants and Obstacles among Italian University Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3306.
Achieving sterilization by adopting proper practices is essential to ensure that surgical instruments do not transmit microorganisms to patients. As the effectiveness of sterilization mandates effective cleaning, it is necessary to verify the success of cleaning procedures. In this study, we used the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence method for assessing the efficacy of the manual cleaning procedure during the reprocessing of reusable surgical instruments. The ATP bioluminescence assay was performed on 140 surgical instruments of 12 different types, both before being cleaned (baseline) and after each of the cleaning procedures (i.e., decontamination, manual washing, drying, and visual inspection). For each instrument, two swabs were used as follows: one to sample the entire surface (test point 1) and the other to sample the most difficult part of the surface to clean (test point 2). Overall, for each type of instrument, there was a decrease in contamination ranging from 99.6 to >99.9% (log reduction from 2.40 to 3.76). Thus, in order to standardize the assessment of cleanliness, it may be useful to introduce the bioluminescence method into the daily routine or, at least, at regular time intervals as a complementary check combined with visual inspection. This would allow real-time verification of the achievement of an adequate level of cleanliness.
Maria Masia; Marco Dettori; Grazia Deriu; Sabina Bellu; Lisa Arcadu; Antonio Azara; Andrea Piana; Alessandra Palmieri; Antonella Arghittu; Paolo Castiglia. ATP Bioluminescence for Assessing the Efficacy of the Manual Cleaning Procedure during the Reprocessing of Reusable Surgical Instruments. Healthcare 2021, 9, 352 .
AMA StyleMaria Masia, Marco Dettori, Grazia Deriu, Sabina Bellu, Lisa Arcadu, Antonio Azara, Andrea Piana, Alessandra Palmieri, Antonella Arghittu, Paolo Castiglia. ATP Bioluminescence for Assessing the Efficacy of the Manual Cleaning Procedure during the Reprocessing of Reusable Surgical Instruments. Healthcare. 2021; 9 (3):352.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Masia; Marco Dettori; Grazia Deriu; Sabina Bellu; Lisa Arcadu; Antonio Azara; Andrea Piana; Alessandra Palmieri; Antonella Arghittu; Paolo Castiglia. 2021. "ATP Bioluminescence for Assessing the Efficacy of the Manual Cleaning Procedure during the Reprocessing of Reusable Surgical Instruments." Healthcare 9, no. 3: 352.
Background During the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in Italy, infection among health-care professionals and in the context of welfare and health-care facilities was a significant concern. It is known that the elderly or those with concomitant pathologies are at greater risk of a serious evolution of the disease if affected by COVID-19 and that health workers are a category with greater exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Until now, there has been little information on the epidemiological features and transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak which did not involve health-care professionals or social and health-care facilities. For this reason, this paper aims to describe the epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population outside these semi-closed communities. Methods The study was designed by analyzing the data of the 1371 SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects observed in Sardinia up to 9 July, 2020 and whose data were available in the public health department. Statistical analysis and graphic representation were performed using STATA and Adobe Illustrator, respectively. Results Of the positive cases analyzed, 323 (23.5%) are health-care workers and 563 (41.1%) reside in social or health-care facilities. The number of positive cases among the general population (subjects who do not belong to these semi-closed communities), is 399 (29.1%), 208 females and 191 males. The estimated Case Fatality Rate stands at 5.0%, which is almost half the rate reported for all the SARS-CoV-2 positive cases (9.8%). The geographical distribution of positive cases differs considerably from the distribution of the totality of cases in Sardinia. Conclusions This review provides an insight into the COVID-19 situation in the general community, ie not involving health-care professionals or social and health-care facilities. Understanding the evolving epidemiology and transmission dynamics of the outbreak outside of these semi-closed communities would provide appropriate information to guide intervention policy. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the vulnerability of our health-care system. Severe disruptions in care, medicine shortages and unequal access to health-care are but a few examples of the challenges faced by people living in Italy and Europe, highlighting the importance of evidence-based approaches in supporting the development of prevention and response strategies for future pandemics.
Giovanna Deiana; Antonio Azara; Marco Dettori; Fiorenzo Delogu; Gavino Vargiu; Isabella Gessa; Antonella Arghittu; Marcello Tidore; Giorgio Steri; Paolo Castiglia. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases beyond health-care professionals or social and health-care facilities. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 1 -7.
AMA StyleGiovanna Deiana, Antonio Azara, Marco Dettori, Fiorenzo Delogu, Gavino Vargiu, Isabella Gessa, Antonella Arghittu, Marcello Tidore, Giorgio Steri, Paolo Castiglia. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases beyond health-care professionals or social and health-care facilities. BMC Public Health. 2021; 21 (1):1-7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanna Deiana; Antonio Azara; Marco Dettori; Fiorenzo Delogu; Gavino Vargiu; Isabella Gessa; Antonella Arghittu; Marcello Tidore; Giorgio Steri; Paolo Castiglia. 2021. "Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases beyond health-care professionals or social and health-care facilities." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1: 1-7.
Environmental microbial contamination in the operating room (OR) can favour contamination of the surgical wound, posing the risk of infection of the surgical site. Thus, environmental monitoring is a useful tool for assessing environmental health and the effectiveness and efficiency of the measures adopted to control the risk of infection in the OR. This work aimed to analyse the long term environmental quality of 18 ORs throughout Sardinia, Italy, through the quantitative and qualitative characterisation of the microbial flora present in the air and on surfaces, in order to evaluate the trend over time, including in relation to any control measures adopted. The results of the sampling carried out in the period from January 2010 to December 2019 have been extrapolated from the archive-database of the Laboratory of the Hygiene and Control of Hospital Infections Unit of the University Hospital in Sassari. During the period in question, 188 air evaluations were carried out, both in empty rooms and during surgery, and 872 surface samples were taken. When the air was monitored, it emerged that significant contamination was detectable in a reduced number of examinations and a limited number of rooms. Microbial load values higher than the reference values may have been mainly determined by sub-optimal operation/maintenance of the air conditioning system. Surface testing showed a good level of sanitisation, given the low percentage of non-compliant values detected. The possibility of having data available on environmental quality is a useful educational and training tool both for those responsible for sanitisation procedures and the surgical team, in order to increase awareness of the effects of a lack of compliance with behavioural standards.
Maria Masia; Marco Dettori; Grazia Deriu; Serena Soddu; Michela Deriu; Antonella Arghittu; Antonio Azara; Paolo Castiglia. Microbial Monitoring as a Tool for Preventing Infectious Risk in the Operating Room: Results of 10 Years of Activity. Atmosphere 2020, 12, 19 .
AMA StyleMaria Masia, Marco Dettori, Grazia Deriu, Serena Soddu, Michela Deriu, Antonella Arghittu, Antonio Azara, Paolo Castiglia. Microbial Monitoring as a Tool for Preventing Infectious Risk in the Operating Room: Results of 10 Years of Activity. Atmosphere. 2020; 12 (1):19.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Masia; Marco Dettori; Grazia Deriu; Serena Soddu; Michela Deriu; Antonella Arghittu; Antonio Azara; Paolo Castiglia. 2020. "Microbial Monitoring as a Tool for Preventing Infectious Risk in the Operating Room: Results of 10 Years of Activity." Atmosphere 12, no. 1: 19.
Even if major improvements in therapeutic regimens and treatment outcomes have been progressively achieved, tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death from a single infectious microorganism. To improve TB treatment success as well as patients' quality of life, drug-drug-interactions (DDIs) need to be wisely managed. Comprehensive knowledge of anti-TB drugs, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters, potential patients’ changes in absorption and distribution, possible side effects and interactions, is mandatory to built effective anti-TB regimens. Optimization of treatments and adherence to international guidelines can help bend the curve of TB-related mortality and, ultimately, decrease the likelihood of treatment failure and drop-out during anti-TB treatment. Aim of this paper is to describe the most relevant DDIs between anti-TB and other drugs used in daily clinical practice, providing an updated and “easy-to-use” guide to minimize adverse effects, drop-outs and, in the long run, increase treatment success.
Niccolò Riccardi; Diana Canetti; Paola Rodari; Giorgio Besozzi; Laura Saderi; Marco Dettori; Luigi R. Codecasa; Giovanni Sotgiu. Tuberculosis and pharmacological interactions: A narrative review. Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery 2020, 2, 100007 .
AMA StyleNiccolò Riccardi, Diana Canetti, Paola Rodari, Giorgio Besozzi, Laura Saderi, Marco Dettori, Luigi R. Codecasa, Giovanni Sotgiu. Tuberculosis and pharmacological interactions: A narrative review. Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery. 2020; 2 ():100007.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNiccolò Riccardi; Diana Canetti; Paola Rodari; Giorgio Besozzi; Laura Saderi; Marco Dettori; Luigi R. Codecasa; Giovanni Sotgiu. 2020. "Tuberculosis and pharmacological interactions: A narrative review." Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery 2, no. : 100007.
The present work aims to study the role of air pollutants in relation to the number of deaths per each Italian province affected by COVID-19. To do that, specific mortality from COVID-19 has been standardized for each Italian province and per age group (10 groups) ranging from 0 to 9 years to >90 years, based on the 2019 national population figures. The link between air pollutants and COVID-19 mortality among Italian provinces was studied implementing a linear regression model, whereas the wide set of variables were examined by means of LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation), relating the spatial component of COVID-19 related data with a mix of environmental variables as explanatory variables. As results, in some provinces, namely the Western Po Valley provinces, the SMR (Standardized Mortality Ratio) is much higher than expected, and the presence of PM10 was independently associated with the case status. Furthermore, the results for LISA on SMR and PM10 demonstrate clusters of high-high values in the wide Metropolitan area of Milan and the Po Valley area respectively, with a certain level of overlap of the two distributions in the area strictly considered Milan. In conclusion, this research appears to find elements to confirm the existence of a link between pollution and the risk of death due to the disease, in particular, considering land take and air pollution, this latter referred to particulate (PM10). For this reason, we can reiterate the need to act in favour of policies aimed at reducing pollutants in the atmosphere, by means of speeding up the already existing plans and policies, targeting all sources of atmospheric pollution: industries, home heating and traffic.
Marco Dettori; Giovanna Deiana; Ginevra Balletto; Giuseppe Borruso; Beniamino Murgante; Antonella Arghittu; Antonio Azara; Paolo Castiglia. Air pollutants and risk of death due to COVID-19 in Italy. Environmental Research 2020, 192, 110459 .
AMA StyleMarco Dettori, Giovanna Deiana, Ginevra Balletto, Giuseppe Borruso, Beniamino Murgante, Antonella Arghittu, Antonio Azara, Paolo Castiglia. Air pollutants and risk of death due to COVID-19 in Italy. Environmental Research. 2020; 192 ():110459.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco Dettori; Giovanna Deiana; Ginevra Balletto; Giuseppe Borruso; Beniamino Murgante; Antonella Arghittu; Antonio Azara; Paolo Castiglia. 2020. "Air pollutants and risk of death due to COVID-19 in Italy." Environmental Research 192, no. : 110459.
The present work is a cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the risk perception and evaluating the community outrage linked to environmental factors among a self-selected sample of citizens living in an area characterized by the presence of industrial structures of high emotional impact. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to the population by publishing a Google form URL code in local and regional newspapers and via social media. The resulting data were entered on Excel and analyzed. Qualitative variables were summarized with absolute and relative (percentage) frequencies. The results showed that the event that causes the greatest worry was air pollution, with 92.6% of the respondents stating that they perceived the problem as “very” or “quite” worrying. Furthermore, all the health problems investigated in relation to environmental quality aroused concern among the interviewees, with 93.1% believing there was a cause-effect relationship between environmental quality and health. Overall, as other studies had previously underlined, the survey shows that the perceived risks are not always in line with the real ones, Thus, it is imperative to articulate interventions aimed at offering the population objective tools to enable them to interpret the risks themselves. In this regard, a fundamental role is played by adequate communication between the competent bodies and political decision-makers and the population.The present work is a cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the risk perception and evaluating the community outrage linked to environmental factors among a self-selected sample of citizens living in an area characterized by the presence of industrial structures of high emotional impact. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to the population by publishing a Google form URL code in local and regional newspapers and via social media. The resulting data were entered on Excel and analyzed. Qualitative variables were summarized with absolute and relative (percentage) frequencies. The results showed that the event that causes the greatest worry was air pollution, with 92.6% of the respondents stating that they perceived the problem as “very” or “quite” worrying. Furthermore, all the health problems investigated in relation to environmental quality aroused concern among the interviewees, with 93.1% believing there was a cause-effect relationship between environmental quality and health. Overall, as other studies had previously underlined, the survey shows that the perceived risks are not always in line with the real ones, Thus, it is imperative to articulate interventions aimed at offering the population objective tools to enable them to interpret the risks themselves. In this regard, a fundamental role is played by adequate communication between the competent bodies and political decision-makers and the population.
Marco Dettori; Paola Pittaluga; Giulia Busonera; Carmelo Gugliotta; Antonio Azara; Andrea Piana; Antonella Arghittu; Paolo Castiglia. Environmental Risks Perception Among Citizens Living Near Industrial Plants: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4870 .
AMA StyleMarco Dettori, Paola Pittaluga, Giulia Busonera, Carmelo Gugliotta, Antonio Azara, Andrea Piana, Antonella Arghittu, Paolo Castiglia. Environmental Risks Perception Among Citizens Living Near Industrial Plants: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (13):4870.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco Dettori; Paola Pittaluga; Giulia Busonera; Carmelo Gugliotta; Antonio Azara; Andrea Piana; Antonella Arghittu; Paolo Castiglia. 2020. "Environmental Risks Perception Among Citizens Living Near Industrial Plants: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13: 4870.
COVID-19 hit Italy in February 2020 after its outbreak in China at the beginning of January. Why was Italy first among the Western countries? What are the conditions that made Italy more vulnerable and the first target of this disease? What characteristics and diffusion patterns could be highlighted and hypothesized from its outbreak to the end of March 2020, after containment measures, including a national lockdown, were introduced? In this paper, we try to provide some answers to these questions, analyzing the issue from medical, geographical and planning points of view. With reference to the Italian case, we observed the phenomenon in terms of the spatial diffusion process and by observing the relation between the epidemic and various environmental elements. In particular, we started from a hypothesis of the comparable economic, geographical, climatic and environmental conditions of the areas of Wuhan (in the Hubei Province in China, where the epidemic broke out) and the Po Valley area (in Italy) where most cases and deaths were registered. Via an ecological approach, we compared the spatial distribution and pattern of COVID-19-related mortality in Italy with several geographical, environmental and socio-economic variables at a Provincial level, analyzing them by means of spatial analytical techniques such as LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association). Possible evidence arose relating to COVID-19 cases and Nitrogen-related pollutants and land take, particularly in the Po Valley area.
Beniamino Murgante; Giuseppe Borruso; Ginevra Balletto; Paolo Castiglia; Marco Dettori. Why Italy First? Health, Geographical and Planning Aspects of the COVID-19 Outbreak. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5064 .
AMA StyleBeniamino Murgante, Giuseppe Borruso, Ginevra Balletto, Paolo Castiglia, Marco Dettori. Why Italy First? Health, Geographical and Planning Aspects of the COVID-19 Outbreak. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (12):5064.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeniamino Murgante; Giuseppe Borruso; Ginevra Balletto; Paolo Castiglia; Marco Dettori. 2020. "Why Italy First? Health, Geographical and Planning Aspects of the COVID-19 Outbreak." Sustainability 12, no. 12: 5064.
This study aims to underline the clinical characteristics of patients who died after testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection in one region of Italian and to evaluate the influence of underlying health conditions on the fatal outcome. A matched case-control study was designed by analyzing the data regarding positive subjects observed up to April 21, 2020. The case fatality rate was 7.9%, with a higher proportion of deaths in men than women. The specific standardized mortality ratio was 0.15—0.13 for males and 0.2 for females, showing that mortality is much lower than expected. Cardiovascular diseases, chronic lung diseases and diabetes mellitus showed a significant association with the outcome. Although the case fatality rate in Sardinia in regard to age and gender patterns seems to be similar to that for Italy as a whole, its quantitative value was far lower than the national one and possible explanations might include the genetic characteristics of the Sardinian population or the immediate closure of its borders as soon as the epidemic started. Our results highlighted that lethality is strongly dependent on the presence of multiple concomitant serious diseases. It is important to have epidemiological strategies for effective guidance on public health actions in order to improve chances of survival.
Giovanna Deiana; Antonio Azara; Marco Dettori; Fiorenzo Delogu; Gavino Vargiu; Isabella Gessa; Filippo Stroscio; Marcello Tidore; Giorgio Steri; Paolo Castiglia. Deaths in SARS-Cov-2 Positive Patients in Italy: The Influence of Underlying Health Conditions on Lethality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4450 .
AMA StyleGiovanna Deiana, Antonio Azara, Marco Dettori, Fiorenzo Delogu, Gavino Vargiu, Isabella Gessa, Filippo Stroscio, Marcello Tidore, Giorgio Steri, Paolo Castiglia. Deaths in SARS-Cov-2 Positive Patients in Italy: The Influence of Underlying Health Conditions on Lethality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (12):4450.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanna Deiana; Antonio Azara; Marco Dettori; Fiorenzo Delogu; Gavino Vargiu; Isabella Gessa; Filippo Stroscio; Marcello Tidore; Giorgio Steri; Paolo Castiglia. 2020. "Deaths in SARS-Cov-2 Positive Patients in Italy: The Influence of Underlying Health Conditions on Lethality." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4450.
The Covid-19 has hit Italy in February 2020 after its outbreak in China at the beginning of January. But why Italy first among Western countries? What are the conditions that made Italy more vulnerable and the first target of such disease? What characteristics and what diffusion patterns could be highlighted and hypothesized, from the outbreak to the end of March 2020, after containment measures - including a national lock down – were introduced? In this paper we try to provide some answers to these questions, analyzing the issue from the medical, geographical and planning points of view. In particular, we started from a hypothesis of very similar economic, geographical, climatic and environmental conditions of the areas of Wuhan – in Hubei Province in China, the outbreak of the epidemics – and the Po Valley area – in Italy – where most cases and deaths were registered. Adopting an ecological approach, we compared the spatial distribution and pattern of Covid-19-related mortality in Italy with several geographical, environmental and socio-economic variables at Provincial level, analyzing them by means of spatial analytical techniques as LISA – Local Indicators of Spatial Association. Possible evidence relating Covid-19 cases and Nitrogen-related pollutants and land take arise, particularly in the Po Valley area.
Beniamino Murgante; Giuseppe Borruso; Ginevra Balletto; Paolo Castiglia; Marco Dettori. Why Italy First? Health, Geographical and Planning aspects of the Covid-19 outbreak. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleBeniamino Murgante, Giuseppe Borruso, Ginevra Balletto, Paolo Castiglia, Marco Dettori. Why Italy First? Health, Geographical and Planning aspects of the Covid-19 outbreak. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeniamino Murgante; Giuseppe Borruso; Ginevra Balletto; Paolo Castiglia; Marco Dettori. 2020. "Why Italy First? Health, Geographical and Planning aspects of the Covid-19 outbreak." , no. : 1.
The aim of this work is to evaluate the attitudes, behaviours, and knowledge of health workers employed at an Italian University Hospital on the topic of vaccinations and in regard to flu vaccination. To this end, the study provided for the articulation of a computerised questionnaire on the digital platform EUSurvey which was administered online via e-mail to a sample of 457 health workers, in the period between November 2018 and March 2019. The data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. In particular, a logistic regression analysis was carried out in order to evaluate the relationship between the variables collected and the dichotomous outcome (vaccinated/unvaccinated subjects in the 2018–2019 season). The results, in line with what has been reported by the literature, highlighted that vaccine hesitancy is prevalent also among health workers. Furthermore, according to our study, only 30.6% of the health care workers had the flu vaccination. The survey points out the need to plan educational and informative interventions aimed at changing the attitudes, behaviours, and knowledge of health workers in the field of flu vaccination, for the purpose of protecting the health of healthcare personnel and their patients.
Antonella Arghittu; Marco Dettori; Antonio Azara; Davide Gentili; Antonello Serra; Bruno Contu; Paolo Castiglia. Flu Vaccination Attitudes, Behaviours, and Knowledge among Health Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3185 .
AMA StyleAntonella Arghittu, Marco Dettori, Antonio Azara, Davide Gentili, Antonello Serra, Bruno Contu, Paolo Castiglia. Flu Vaccination Attitudes, Behaviours, and Knowledge among Health Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (9):3185.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonella Arghittu; Marco Dettori; Antonio Azara; Davide Gentili; Antonello Serra; Bruno Contu; Paolo Castiglia. 2020. "Flu Vaccination Attitudes, Behaviours, and Knowledge among Health Workers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3185.
High levels of disinfection by-products (DBPs) are constantly found in drinking water distributed in Sardinia, an Italian island with a tourist vocation and critical issues related to the drinking water supply. To reduce the concentration of trihalomethanes the disinfectant in use was changed – chlorine dioxide was adopted instead of hypochlorite. However, this caused the appearance of other DBPs (e.g., chlorites) in water distributed to the population. Thus, the use of monochloramine as a secondary disinfectant (associated with chlorine dioxide as the primary disinfectant) was evaluated in four drinking water treatment plants supplied by artificial basins located in the central-northern part of Sardinia. Raw, disinfected and distributed waters were studied for genotoxicity using a battery of in vitro tests on different cells (bacteria, plant and mammalian cells) to detect different genetic endpoints (i.e., point and chromosome mutations and DNA damage). Moreover, a chemical and microbiological characterisation of water samples was performed. All samples of water distributed to the people showed mutagenic or genotoxic effects in different cells/organisms. In particular, chromosome aberrations in plant cells and DNA damage in human cells were observed. In this study, the use of chloramines associated with other disinfectants did not eliminate the mutagenicity present in the raw water and when the raw water was not mutagenic it introduced mutagenic/genotoxic substances. A careful management of drinking water is needed to reduce health hazards associated with the mutagenicity of drinking water.
Donatella Feretti; Mattia Acito; Marco Dettori; Elisabetta Ceretti; Cristina Fatigoni; Stefano Posadino; Ilaria Zerbini; Milena Villarini; Massimo Moretti; Paolo Castiglia; Antonio Azara. Genotoxicity of source, treated and distributed water from four drinking water treatment plants supplied by surface water in Sardinia, Italy. Environmental Research 2020, 185, 109385 .
AMA StyleDonatella Feretti, Mattia Acito, Marco Dettori, Elisabetta Ceretti, Cristina Fatigoni, Stefano Posadino, Ilaria Zerbini, Milena Villarini, Massimo Moretti, Paolo Castiglia, Antonio Azara. Genotoxicity of source, treated and distributed water from four drinking water treatment plants supplied by surface water in Sardinia, Italy. Environmental Research. 2020; 185 ():109385.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDonatella Feretti; Mattia Acito; Marco Dettori; Elisabetta Ceretti; Cristina Fatigoni; Stefano Posadino; Ilaria Zerbini; Milena Villarini; Massimo Moretti; Paolo Castiglia; Antonio Azara. 2020. "Genotoxicity of source, treated and distributed water from four drinking water treatment plants supplied by surface water in Sardinia, Italy." Environmental Research 185, no. : 109385.
Having a hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection places a child at higher risk for subsequent chronic hepatitis B (CHB) or chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection. The risk of mother-to-child transmission is higher for HBV (20% to 90%) than for HCV (< 5%). Perinatal HBV infection generally causes CHB infection while perinatal HCV infection has a certain rate of spontaneous viral clearance (around 20% to 30%). Of the two, only HBV infection can benefit from passive/active perinatal immunoprophylaxis. The risk of CHB in children with HBV horizontal transmission decreases with age, whereas HCV transmission among teenagers commonly results into a long-life infection and CHC infection. Children with CHB or CHC should be carefully assessed for the need for antiviral treatment. When treatment cannot be deferred, pediatric CHB infection has different first-line treatment options: standard interferon (for children aged ≥ 1 year), pegylated interferon (for children aged ≥ 3 years), and the oral nucleotide analogues entecavir (for children aged ≥ 2 years) and tenofovir (for children aged ≥ 12 years). The choice of treatment depends on the child's age, virus genotypes, previous treatment failure and presence of contraindications. Expected responsiveness rate is 25% of hepatitis B e-antigen clearance, with both standard interferon and nucleotide analogues. Direct antiviral agents are first-line treatment for CHC infection in children aged 3 years or older. Hepatitis C virus sustained virus response is as high as 97%. Therefore, if direct antiviral agents can be proven to be safe and well tolerated in very young children, HCV eradication could be planned after the first screening.
Maria Grazia Clemente; Roberto Antonucci; Giovanni Sotgiu; Marco Dettori; Andrea Piana; Pietro Vajro. Present and future management of viral hepatitis B and C in children. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology 2020, 44, 801 -809.
AMA StyleMaria Grazia Clemente, Roberto Antonucci, Giovanni Sotgiu, Marco Dettori, Andrea Piana, Pietro Vajro. Present and future management of viral hepatitis B and C in children. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology. 2020; 44 (6):801-809.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Grazia Clemente; Roberto Antonucci; Giovanni Sotgiu; Marco Dettori; Andrea Piana; Pietro Vajro. 2020. "Present and future management of viral hepatitis B and C in children." Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology 44, no. 6: 801-809.
The phenomenon of urbanisation is becoming increasingly prevalent on a global level, and the health issues regarding the urban environment are of primary importance in public health. Accordingly, the present manuscript describes an analysis of the housing conditions of Italian urban areas, referring to the city of Sassari (Sardinia), Italy, focused on the dwelling structural and sanitary conditions issued by the Italian regulations. Data relating to the housing conditions of the population were acquired by the Local Hygiene and Public Health Service (SISP), in a period between 2012 and 2016. Qualitative variables were summarised with absolute and relative (percentages) frequencies, whereas quantitative variables with means and standard deviations depending on their parametric distribution. Statistical comparisons for qualitative and quantitative variables were performed with the χ 2 test or Student’s t-test, respectively. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Finally, the dwellings and the collected variables were georeferenced on a city map. During the 2012–2016 observation period, 363 certification requests were received from 193 (53.2%) foreign-born citizens and 170 (46.8%) Italians at the SISP offices. The main reasons relate to the request for a residency permit (46.6%) and to obtain a subsidy from the local government (32.8%). Overall, 15.4% of dwellings were found to be improper, while 35.3% and 22.0% were found to be unhygienic and uninhabitable, respectively. The foreigners’ homes were found to be suitable in 82.7% of cases; the housing of Italian citizens, on the contrary, was found to be suitable in 28% of the observations. The present study offers a cross section of the housing conditions of Italian urban areas, referring to the city of Sassari. To the authors’ best knowledge, this observation is the first one carried out in Sardinia and one of the first observations in Italy. It has emerged that “hygienically unsuitable” homes are those that, in most cases, are located in the city centre. Moreover, the Italian population is hit by a significant housing problem, due to overcrowding, uninhabitability, and unhygienic conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that it is necessary to develop a multidisciplinary approach to guarantee public health, with safe dwellings homes and the surrounding urban context alongside the development of social relations. Nevertheless, there is still little evidence available today on the population housing conditions, especially regarding the private indoor environment, and further research is needed to bridge this knowledge gap.
Marco Dettori; Lucia Altea; Donatella Fracasso; Federica Trogu; Antonio Azara; Andrea Piana; Antonella Arghittu; Laura Saderi; Giovanni Sotgiu; Paolo Castiglia. Housing Demand in Urban Areas and Sanitary Requirements of Dwellings in Italy. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020, 2020, 1 -6.
AMA StyleMarco Dettori, Lucia Altea, Donatella Fracasso, Federica Trogu, Antonio Azara, Andrea Piana, Antonella Arghittu, Laura Saderi, Giovanni Sotgiu, Paolo Castiglia. Housing Demand in Urban Areas and Sanitary Requirements of Dwellings in Italy. Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2020; 2020 ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarco Dettori; Lucia Altea; Donatella Fracasso; Federica Trogu; Antonio Azara; Andrea Piana; Antonella Arghittu; Laura Saderi; Giovanni Sotgiu; Paolo Castiglia. 2020. "Housing Demand in Urban Areas and Sanitary Requirements of Dwellings in Italy." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020, no. : 1-6.
Risk perception has a significant impact on decisions people make when facing a threat: a mismatch between actual hazard and perceived risk can lead to inappropriate behaviours and suboptimal compliance to recommended public health measures. The present study was conducted in the aftermath of a tuberculosis (TB) outbreak that occurred in 2019 in a primary school in Italy. The aim was to evaluate the impact of communication measures implemented by local health authorities (including face-to-face meetings between LHAs and the local population, weekly press announcements, implementation of a telephone hotline and of an information desk, and social media communication), on risk perception among parents of schoolchildren and school staff, and to identify factors related to a change in risk perception before and after the said activities. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to parents of schoolchildren (n = 846) and to school staff (n = 70). Participants were asked about the level of risk they had perceived at two distinct times: when they first became aware of the outbreak and following implementation of communication activities. A significant reduction of perceived risk was found in both groups (p < 0.001) following the communication activities. The largest reduction was found among participants who reported having appreciated the meetings with the LHA healthcare staff. Our findings suggest that keeping an open approach, explaining the actual threat to the population and adapting communication to different listening skills, are essential for health authorities to successfully manage a public health emergency.
Davide Gentili; Andrea Bardin; Elisa Ros; Cinzia Piovesan; Mauro Ramigni; Maria Dalmanzio; Marco Dettori; Antonietta Filia; Sandro Cinquetti. Impact of Communication Measures Implemented During a School Tuberculosis Outbreak on Risk Perception among Parents and School Staff, Italy, 2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 911 .
AMA StyleDavide Gentili, Andrea Bardin, Elisa Ros, Cinzia Piovesan, Mauro Ramigni, Maria Dalmanzio, Marco Dettori, Antonietta Filia, Sandro Cinquetti. Impact of Communication Measures Implemented During a School Tuberculosis Outbreak on Risk Perception among Parents and School Staff, Italy, 2019. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (3):911.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavide Gentili; Andrea Bardin; Elisa Ros; Cinzia Piovesan; Mauro Ramigni; Maria Dalmanzio; Marco Dettori; Antonietta Filia; Sandro Cinquetti. 2020. "Impact of Communication Measures Implemented During a School Tuberculosis Outbreak on Risk Perception among Parents and School Staff, Italy, 2019." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3: 911.