Yemeni small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) are at the early stages of e‐business adoption and their owners and managers need to be supported to gain an understanding of the benefits that their business can achieve from adopting e‐business. Yemeni SMEs are at the early stages of e‐business adoption. The delay in adopting more advanced e‐business solutions are due to factors including the comparatively low level of technology usage within the organization, lack of qualified staff available to develop, implement and support firms’ websites, and limited financial resources. A lack of computer software and hardware resources appears to have a detrimental effect on e‐business adoption amongst Yemeni SMEs.

The cybersecurity of organizations is a subject of perennial concern as they are subject to mounting threats in an increasingly digitalized world. While commercial and charitable organizations have been the objects of cybersecurity research, social enterprises (SEs) have remained unexplored. As SEs have become increasingly important features of social and economic development, so their prominence as potential targets of cybercrime also increases. In order to address this knowledge gap, this article examines the factors that influence the cyber-preparedness of SEs in the U.K. Through the use of semistructured interviews with SE owner-managers, these factors are found to comprise the characteristics of the enterprise, the characteristics of the enterprise management, resource constraints, experience of cyberattacks, usage of IT, and awareness of cybersecurity schemes and resources. These insights provide valuable guidance for SE owner-managers, SE support agencies, and policy-makers when considering the cybersecurity of SEs. These findings are of immediate concern to SEs but also to other organizations that are engaged in partnerships with them as SEs may afford “gateway” opportunities to those with malicious intent.

1. AI is reshaping service economies and organisational decision processes (Bennett and Bennett 2026; Grewal et al. 2025). Predictive analytics, automated decisions and algorithmic interactions are...

This study examines e‐business adoption among SMEs in Yemen, a conflict‐affected and institutionally fragile economy. Drawing on a mixed‐methods design, it combines Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS‐SEM) with qualitative interviews to analyse how war and firm size moderate the effects of key adoption drivers and barriers. The findings identify government readiness as the most constraining factor, with institutional breakdown weakening the conditions required for e‐business adoption. Cost emerges as the least barrier, particularly for larger firms with greater absorptive capacity. Awareness did not show a significant direct effect on e‐business adoption; however, war significantly moderated the relationship between awareness and adoption, indicating that conflict conditions shaped how awareness translated into adoption outcomes. Firm size enhanced the influence of organizational readiness and competitive pressure but did not mitigate institutional constraints. The qualitative data highlight the adaptive behaviors SMEs develop in response to infrastructure collapse and governance failure, revealing a shift from competitive logic to survival strategies. This research contributes to technology adoption theory by demonstrating how conflict reconfigures institutional, organizational, and environmental conditions, necessitating revised frameworks for digital transformation in fragile states.