Background/Objectives: This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to evaluate and synthesize scientific evidence about the combined cognitive stimulation and physical activity interventions on Activities of Daily Living (ADL), cognitive function, and physical function in older people with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted between August 2024 and October 2024 using the core collection of six generic databases: PubMed, EBSCOhost, CINAHL Complete, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science. The PRISMA, RoB 2, and GRADEpro tools assessed the evidence’s methodological quality and certainty. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO, CRD42024577229. Results: Of 270 records identified in the databases, 9 studies were analyzed using the PICOS format. The MMSE meta-analysis showed significant improvements in cognitive function in favor of the experimental groups (p = 0.010). In contrast, no significant improvements were found for TMT-A (p = 0.51) and TMT-B (p = 0.37). No significant differences were reported for the other variables studied. Conclusions: Cognitive function, as measured by the MMSE, showed significant improvements, while the interventions analyzed did not produce significant improvements in ADL or physical function among older people with MCI. Individual studies suggest that programs that integrate both cognitive stimulation and physical activity components may provide some benefits.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to assess and compare the effects of an adapted taekwondo (TKD) program, multicomponent training (MCT), walking exercise (WE), and inactive control group (CG) on blood pressure, morphological variables, frequency of food consumption, cognitive status, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), physical fitness tests, and postural balance in independent older females. Methods: A randomized controlled trial study was conducted with the following groups: TKD (n = 13), MCT (n = 12), WE (n = 12), and CG (n = 14), considering three/weekly 60-min/sessions for 16-weeks. A two-factor mixed analysis of the variance model with repeated measures was performed. Results: TKD improved significantly more in phonetic fluency (p = 0.021; ES = 1.89) than WE and in general health (p = 0.033; ES = 1.11) than CG. Both TKD and MCT improved significantly more than CG in the 30 s chair stand, arm curl, chair sit-and-reach, timed up-and-go, maximal isometric handgrip strength, and postural balance for the eyes closed condition in the area and anteroposterior velocity (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Only TKD improved the area (p = 0.008; ES = 1.00) and mediolateral velocity (p = 0.019; ES = 0.79) for the eyes open condition, and mediolateral velocity (p = 0.021; ES = 1.57) for the eyes closed condition. Blood pressure, morphological variables, and food consumption frequency showed no significant intragroup or intergroup interactions. TKD equivalently improved HRQoL and physical fitness to MCT, with better postural balance in older females.

Background: CrossFit^® has become a popular and effective training methodology. This study aimed to compare the effects of a four-week CrossFit training program and analyze the inter-individual variability on body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass) and physical fitness (push-ups, military press, back squat, deadlift, countermovement jump (CMJ), sit-ups, and 30 m sprint speed) in novice and advanced practitioners. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was used, with single-blinded (evaluators) and 2 parallel groups: novices (n = 10; age = 22.30 ± 0.81) and advanced practitioners (n = 11; age = 22.80 ± 1.41). The intervention consisted of 3 weekly 75 min sessions (4 weeks), with pre- and post-assessments. A two-factor mixed ANOVA and inter-individual analyses to classify responders (Rs) and non-responders (NRs) were performed. Results: No significant interaction effects were found. However, the novice group significantly improved back squat performance (p = 0.031). Inter-individual analysis showed higher proportions of Rs in the novice group for back squat (40%), deadlift (20%), military press (10%), CMJ (10%), sit-ups (30%), push-ups (30%), and 30 m sprint speed (10%) compared to the advanced group. Conclusions: CrossFit program did not significantly affect body composition, but novices exhibited significant back squat improvements. Considering experience levels can enhance training outcomes.

Background: This study investigates differences in muscle co-contraction and peak electromyography (EMG) activity between novice and advanced Taekwondo athletes during consecutive roundhouse (bandal chagui) kicks, examining the influence of body composition and experience level. Methods: Sixteen Taekwondo athletes (12 males, 4 females; mean age: 20.5 ± 4.3 years) were divided into novice (n = 8) and advanced (n = 8) groups. Muscle co-contraction indices and peak EMG activity across 15 consecutive kicks were assessed in key lower limb muscles, including the biceps femoris (BF), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), rectus femoris (RF), soleus (SO), semitendinosus (ST), tibialis anterior (TA), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis (VM). Results: Advanced athletes exhibited significantly higher co-contraction indices in BF–RF, VM–BF, and SO–TA pairs (p < 0.05) and increased peak EMG trends in the BF and LG (p < 0.05). Novice athletes showed significantly reduced peak EMG increases in the RF, VM, and VL. EMG trends were influenced by body composition, with principal component analysis indicating that higher fat mass and lower muscle mass were associated with greater variations in muscle activation. Conclusions: These findings suggest that advanced athletes refine motor control through increased co-contraction, improving stability and efficiency, while novices exhibit less optimized coordination patterns. This study provides insights into the neuromechanical adaptations associated with expertise development in Taekwondo.

This scoping review aimed to identify and synthesize the types of virtual reality (VR) interventions and applications used in the rehabilitation of adults with multiple sclerosis (MS). A comprehensive search was conducted across seven generic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science Core Collection, EBSCOhost, CINAHL, and ProQuest) up to April 2026. The review followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines and the protocol was prospectively registered in OSF https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/G7R5X RESULTS: A total of 670 records were identified, and 33 studies met the inclusion criteria. The evidence showed a predominance of non-immersive and semi-immersive VR systems, whereas fully immersive and augmented/projection-based applications were less frequently reported. Applications were technologically heterogeneous and included commercial exergaming platforms, motion-sensing systems, specialized rehabilitation devices, immersive head mounted systems, telerehabilitation tools, and projection-based environments CONCLUSIONS: VR based rehabilitation in adults with MS is characterized by heterogeneous technologies and diverse clinical applications. Current evidence supports VR mainly as a feasible adjunctive rehabilitation tool, with non-immersive and semi-immersive systems predominating and fully immersive or augmented/projection-based approaches emerging as areas for further research.