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Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers) turf is the most widely used turfgrass in urban landscapes. Large amounts of fertilizer are usually applied for maximum turf performance, while relatively little attention has been paid to efficient nutrient management of bermudagrass turf. The design opted for was a 3-factor and 5-level Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) consisting of 24 experimental runs in the greenhouse with response surface methodology (RSM) and simulated regression modeling. The experiment covered in this study was carried out at Sichuan Agricultural University with the objectives of understanding the interactive effects of nitrogen, (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization on the bermudagrass integrated turf performance (ITP) and optimizing the amount of N, P, and K required for optimum turf performance during establishment. The qualitative and quantitative relationships between bermudagrass and fertilization significantly affected the ITP. The N, P, and K Fertilization significantly influenced the percent grass cover, turf height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and total chlorophyll content. Fertilization with N and P significantly enhanced the tiller length, turf density, color, and total protein levels. Root length was augmented with the application of P and K. We found that 3-D surface plots indicated significant interactive effects of NP, NK, and PK on the ITP. A simulation optimization and frequency analysis indicated that the optimal combined amounts of these nutrients were N: 26.0–27.6 g m−2, P: 24.2–26.4 g m–2, and K: 3.1–5.0 g m–2 during the establishment phase. The results suggest that optimized fertilization is key to sustainable nutrient management of bermudagrass integrated turf performance.
Muhammad Ihtisham; Shiliang Liu; Muhammad Shahid; Nawab Khan; Bingyang Lv; Mohammad Sarraf; Siyad Ali; Longqing Chen; Yinggao Liu; Qibing Chen. The Optimized N, P, and K Fertilization for Bermudagrass Integrated Turf Performance during the Establishment and Its Importance for the Sustainable Management of Urban Green Spaces. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10294 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Ihtisham, Shiliang Liu, Muhammad Shahid, Nawab Khan, Bingyang Lv, Mohammad Sarraf, Siyad Ali, Longqing Chen, Yinggao Liu, Qibing Chen. The Optimized N, P, and K Fertilization for Bermudagrass Integrated Turf Performance during the Establishment and Its Importance for the Sustainable Management of Urban Green Spaces. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (24):10294.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Ihtisham; Shiliang Liu; Muhammad Shahid; Nawab Khan; Bingyang Lv; Mohammad Sarraf; Siyad Ali; Longqing Chen; Yinggao Liu; Qibing Chen. 2020. "The Optimized N, P, and K Fertilization for Bermudagrass Integrated Turf Performance during the Establishment and Its Importance for the Sustainable Management of Urban Green Spaces." Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10294.
It is generally assumed that compounds are emitted from flowers in order to attract and guide pollinators. Due to the invisibility and the highly variable nature of floral scent, no efficient and reliable methods to screen for genetic variation have been developed. Moreover, no convenient plant model systems are available for flower scent studies. In the past decade, several floral fragrance-related genes have been cloned; the biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of floral volatiles have been studied with the development of biotechnology. This review summarizes the reported floral fragrance-related genes and the biosynthesis of floral scent compounds, introduces the origin of new modification enzymes for flower scent, compares different methods for floral fragrance-related gene cloning, and discusses the metabolic engineering of floral scent. Finally, the perspectives and prospects of research on floral fragrance are presented.
L. Xiang; J. A. Milc; N. Pecchioni; L. -Q. Chen. Genetic aspects of floral fragrance in plants. Biochemistry (Moscow) 2007, 72, 351 -358.
AMA StyleL. Xiang, J. A. Milc, N. Pecchioni, L. -Q. Chen. Genetic aspects of floral fragrance in plants. Biochemistry (Moscow). 2007; 72 (4):351-358.
Chicago/Turabian StyleL. Xiang; J. A. Milc; N. Pecchioni; L. -Q. Chen. 2007. "Genetic aspects of floral fragrance in plants." Biochemistry (Moscow) 72, no. 4: 351-358.