Modern lifestyle diseases remain a persistent challenge in healthcare. Currently, about 422 million people worldwide are affected by diabetes, while 1 in 8 people are living with obesity. The development of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) has marked a significant milestone in treating these conditions. Interest in GLP-1RAs has grown due to evidence that, beyond their established role in diabetes management, these drugs influence other metabolic disorders. This is attributed to the fact that GLP-1 receptors are found in various healthy human tissues. However, a potential cause for concern is the expression of GLP-1 receptors in certain cancers. This review focuses on the most recent findings concerning the actions of GLP-1RAs, detailing their documented impact on the thyroid gland and pancreas. It addresses concerns about the long-term use of GLP-1RAs in relation to the development of pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and thyroid neoplasms by exploring the mechanisms and long-term effects in different patient subgroups and including data not discussed previously. This review was conducted through an examination of the literature available in the MedLine (PubMed) database, covering publications from 1978 to 10 May 2024. The collected articles were selected based on their relevance to studies of GLP-1 agonists and their effects on the pancreas and thyroid and assessed to meet the established inclusion criteria. The revised papers suggest that prolonged use of GLP-1RA could contribute to the formation of thyroid tumors and may increase the risk of acute inflammatory conditions such as pancreatitis, particularly in high-risk patients. Therefore, physicians should advise patients on the need for more frequent and detailed follow-ups.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and metabolic abnormalities. Despite pharmacological and dietary advances, there remains a growing interest in natural therapeutic approaches. Phytoestrogens—plant-derived compounds structurally similar to endogenous estrogens—have gained attention as potential modulators of hormonal and metabolic balance. Aim: This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of soy and other dietary sources of phytoestrogens in modulating PCOS symptoms and related hormonal disorders, with emphasis on their mechanisms of action, bioavailability, and clinical effects. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar, including clinical trials, experimental studies, and meta-analyses assessing the effects of phytoestrogens—mainly isoflavones, lignans, and stilbenes—on hormonal and metabolic parameters in women with PCOS and during menopause. Results: Soy isoflavones, particularly genistein and daidzein, selectively bind to estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, influencing hormonal profiles, insulin sensitivity, and the LH/FSH ratio. Flaxseed lignans may enhance SHBG levels and regulate estrogen bioavailability. The efficacy of phytoestrogens depends on their form, processing, and gut microbiota composition. Conclusion: Phytoestrogens appear to be a promising adjunct in the management of PCOS and other hormonal disorders, offering potential benefits for endocrine and metabolic regulation. However, further large-scale, well-designed clinical studies are required to establish optimal dosage, long-term safety, and individualized therapeutic potential.

Sauna use, practiced for thousands of years, has its roots in Finnish culture, where it was considered an essential part of health and hygiene. In recent years, a growing body of scientific research has confirmed the numerous health benefits associated with regular sauna use. This research review focuses on the effects of sauna sessions on the body's health, with particular emphasis on the cardiovascular system, blood pressure, respiratory system and urinary system. Analyses show that regular sauna use contributes to lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease by reducing blood pressure and improving the lipid profile. In addition, sauna has a beneficial effect on lung function, reducing the risk of diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pneumonia. It is also worth noting that sauna baths are safe for patients with kidney disease, as confirmed by research results. These indications underscore the importance of regular sauna sessions as a form of health support, helping to improve quality of life and long-term well-being.

Mammals have 2 primary types of adipose tissue: brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT). White adipose tissue, one of the largest organs, spans the entire body and persists throughout an individual’s life, with the highest concentrations found in the abdominal cavity or subcutaneously. In obese individuals, the amount of WAT can reach up to 70% of total body weight. Today, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs have gained popularity in the treatment of obesity, insulin resistance, and related metabolic disorders. Patients using glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have improved lipid profiles, reduced visceral fat accumulation, and improved glucose tolerance. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder strongly associated with insulin resistance and obesity. It is the most common heterogeneous endocrine disorder, affecting an estimated 1 in 5 women of reproductive age. The introduction of GLP-1 analog treatment in women with PCOS could help to manage the disease, improve the quality of life of PCOS patients, increase their chances of conception, and maintain pregnancy until delivery. This review presents the latest reports on the use of GLP-1RAs and the treatment of PCOS.

Background: Athletes aim for rapid, pain-free return to activity after injury, but many of them require surgery. As the choice of anesthesia for surgery affects postoperative recovery and patient satisfaction it is crucial to analyze which type of anesthesia is adequate. Aim: This literature review was created to analyze the latest information on general versus regional anaesthesia on postoperative rehabilitation, pain management, length of hospital stay, and perceived quality of care in the context of orthopedic procedures in physically active patients. Materials and methods: The review analyzed current literature from Pubmed and other medical databases published between 2000 and 2025. Conclusion: A large number of factors must be taken into account when choosing what type of anaesthesia must be used. Patient collaboration, a holistic approach to the patient and understanding his needs influences the rehabilitation process and thus a faster return to health and physical activity.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) represents one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders among women of reproductive age, exerting significant effects on fertility, metabolic homeostasis, and overall health. The syndrome arises from complex interactions among hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors that disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis. Neuroendocrine dysregulation, characterized by increased pulsatility of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and an elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio, promotes excessive ovarian androgen production and follicular arrest. Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and chronic anovulation form the core pathophysiological triad of PCOS. Genetic studies (GWAS) have identified loci associated with gonadotropin regulation, steroidogenesis, and insulin signaling, while environmental exposures, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), may act as epigenetic triggers in genetically susceptible individuals. Epidemiological analyses demonstrate a steady global increase in PCOS incidence, with the highest prevalence in high-income regions. Clinical heterogeneity is reflected by four Rotterdam phenotypes, differing in metabolic and reproductive consequences. PCOS not only impairs natural fertility but also affects assisted reproductive outcomes by altering oocyte quality and ovarian responsiveness. Comprehensive understanding of hormonal and metabolic disturbances is essential for individualized diagnosis and therapy. Future research should focus on elucidating epigenetic mechanisms and optimizing targeted treatments to improve fertility and reduce long-term metabolic risks in affected women.