Modern lifestyle diseases remain a persistent challenge in healthcare. Currently, about 422 million people worldwide are affected by diabetes, while 1 in 8 people are living with obesity. The development of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) has marked a significant milestone in treating these conditions. Interest in GLP-1RAs has grown due to evidence that, beyond their established role in diabetes management, these drugs influence other metabolic disorders. This is attributed to the fact that GLP-1 receptors are found in various healthy human tissues. However, a potential cause for concern is the expression of GLP-1 receptors in certain cancers. This review focuses on the most recent findings concerning the actions of GLP-1RAs, detailing their documented impact on the thyroid gland and pancreas. It addresses concerns about the long-term use of GLP-1RAs in relation to the development of pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and thyroid neoplasms by exploring the mechanisms and long-term effects in different patient subgroups and including data not discussed previously. This review was conducted through an examination of the literature available in the MedLine (PubMed) database, covering publications from 1978 to 10 May 2024. The collected articles were selected based on their relevance to studies of GLP-1 agonists and their effects on the pancreas and thyroid and assessed to meet the established inclusion criteria. The revised papers suggest that prolonged use of GLP-1RA could contribute to the formation of thyroid tumors and may increase the risk of acute inflammatory conditions such as pancreatitis, particularly in high-risk patients. Therefore, physicians should advise patients on the need for more frequent and detailed follow-ups.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of global mortality, with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity significantly increasing the risk of CVD. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) have gained attention for their potential cardioprotective effects. Therefore, this review aims to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular benefits of these agents. A literature review was conducted searching PubMed databases from 1990 to January 2025, including research on the effects of GLP-1 RA and DPP-4i on cardiovascular health, specifically concerning atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, vascular health, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarction (MI), and heart failure, with a focus on the biochemical and molecular effects of these drugs. We analyzed 131 scientific publications, which indicate that GLP-1 RA and DPP-4i significantly reduce cardiovascular risk and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrhythmias. These clinical outcomes are attributed to the mitigation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction as well as improvement in mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism. GLP-1 RAs offer substantial cardiovascular benefits, making them valuable in managing T2DM and reducing CVD risk. Their integration into treatment regimens for CVD can reduce hospitalization rates, improve quality of life, and extend life expectancy. DPP-4is, while beneficial, are less effective in cardiovascular protection. Further research is needed to optimize therapeutic strategies and broaden the clinical application of these agents in cardiometabolic care.

Background: Orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances often induces pain. Despite existing research on pain management, the dynamic nature of orthodontic pain and its relationship with tooth movement remain underexplored. This study surveys adults under fixed appliance therapy to investigate pain dynamics, modifying factors, and perceived tooth movement, aiming to provide insights for improved patient care and treatment outcomes. Methods: This study focused on healthy individuals aged 18 to 50 undergoing fixed appliance treatment for up to six months after having braces bonded. A 24-question survey was administered over a one-month period. The survey explored pain intensity, pain dynamics, modifying factors, and perceived tooth movement. Results: Pain typically began within the first few hours after bonding and peaked the following day for most respondents. The upper incisors and molars were the most frequently reported areas of pain, corresponding to the teeth perceived as moving earliest. Chewing was identified as the primary external pain trigger. Gender significantly influenced pain perception, with women reporting higher pain levels and greater use of medication. The majority of participants managed without medication. Conclusions: Pain during the early phase of fixed appliance therapy follows a predictable pattern, with peak intensity occurring on the day after bonding. Pain perception strongly correlates with early tooth movement, particularly in the upper incisors. Gender differences were evident, but other demographic factors had minimal influence. Chewing was the primary pain aggravator, emphasizing the need for dietary modifications. Understanding these findings can help orthodontists develop personalized pain management strategies.

In developed countries, endometrial cancer is the most common form of invasive gynecological cancer. Endometrial cancer is rare in less developed countries where there are fewer common risk factors, but the specific mortality rate is higher. The histological types of endometrial cancers show significant differences in prognosis. The first type of lesions is usually responsive to hormones, at a low stage, and has an excellent outlook, while the second type consists of high-grade tumors that are prone to recurrence, even at an early stage. The majority of endometrial cancers are influenced by hormones, with estrogen playing a role in promoting cancer through its interaction with estrogen receptor α (ER). Obesity is one of the most significant and common risk factors for endometrial cancer. Women who are obese have a three times higher risk of developing endometrial cancer. Many nonobese women can develop PCOS despite obesity being a risk factor, and many obese women may not show signs of PCOS. PCOS involves more than just a decrease in progesterone; progesterone levels may not always be lowered, and other hormone levels can also be impacted. Women affected by infertility may be more at risk for endometrial cancer, particularly if affected by ovulatory disorders. The expression of G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER-1) explains the estrogen-agonistic effect of tamoxifen in endometrial cancers. Tamoxifen and other "antiestrogens" act as pure agonists for GPER-1, a membrane-bound estrogen receptor. Besides genetic predisposition syndromes such as Lynch syndrome and Cowden syndrome, the development of endometrial cancer is associated with risk factors related to estrogen signaling as the main contributing factor. It's important to create prevention strategies by understanding the key risk factors and how they are involved in the formation of tumors.

Background: Intraoral explosions of pyrotechnic devices are exceptionally rare and combine blast overpressure, penetrating fragments, thermal injury, and extensive wound contamination. The immediate threats include airway obstruction, hemorrhage, loss of facial buttresses, and destruction of the occlusal unit. This report describes the acute multidisciplinary management of a self-inflicted intraoral pyrotechnic explosion in a male patient during an exacerbation of paranoid schizophrenia. Case presentation: The explosion caused bilateral comminution of the midface, fractures of the mandibular body/symphysis and right condylar process, a right orbital floor defect, extensive injury to the palate and tongue, bilateral wounds of the oral commissures and cheeks, and retention of metallic and pyrotechnic debris. Concomitant polytrauma included spinal, pelvic, rib, and pulmonary injuries. Massive edema and oral bleeding necessitated emergency tracheostomy. The otolaryngology team reconstructed the tongue and floor of the mouth, after which the maxillofacial team performed prolonged skeletal reconstruction through combined external and intraoral approaches. The midface was stabilized with 13 titanium miniplates, the mandibular body with a 2.0-mm fixation system, and the right orbital floor with a polydioxanone sheet. Nonviable teeth were removed. Because of severe edema and the high risk of iatrogenic facial nerve injury, the right condylar fracture was managed conservatively, and the patient’s habitual occlusion could not be fully restored during the acute operation. Approximately four months after the injury, computed tomography (CT) demonstrated partial osseous bridging and stable residual right zygomatic displacement without signs of an active inflammatory process. Conclusions: In devastating intraoral blast injury, airway security, preservation of viable soft tissue, control of contamination, and restoration of a stable skeletal framework take priority over complete acute correction of every fracture and occlusal discrepancy. Staged reconstruction and coordinated psychiatric and internal medicine care are essential components of definitive management.