Despite the great utility of nanoparticles (NPs) in water remediation, their effects on marine ecosystems are unknown and unpredictable. The toxicity of the most used nanoparticles, such as ZnO, Ag, and TiO₂ on the purple sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816), has been demonstrated by several authors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of TiO₂ sol-gel and TiO₂-rGO nanocompounds on both vitality and motility of spermatozoa of P. lividus. The spermatozoa were exposed at different times (30 and 60 min) and concentrations (10, 20, 40 µg/mL) of both nano-TiO₂ compounds. The results clearly showed a decrease in both vitality and motility of P. lividus spermatozoa exposed. In particular, vitality and motility were inversely related to both exposure time and concentration of TiO₂ sol-gel and TiO₂-rGO nanocompounds.

Recently, an increasing use of wireless internet technologies has been demonstrated. The devices which use these technologies emit in new spectral regions an electromagnetic radiation (EMF) which could interact with the male reproductive system. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the effect of electromagnetic fields at 27 GHz on sperm quality in Mytilus galloprovincialis. Sperm samples were collected from sexually mature males of M. galloprovincialis and placed in seawater. Once we evaluated the number and quality of spermatozoa, sperm cells were exposed to electromagnetic fields radiated by a pyramidal horn antenna. The effect of exposure was evaluated after 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 min by a light microscope and using an Eosin test. Ten replications were performed for each time series, and statistical analysis was carried out by t-test. Sperm motility decreased after 10 min of exposure, and after 30 min most of the spermatozoa were immobile and not vital. This study provides useful data on the potential ecological impact of the high-band 5G on animal fertility, the effect of which is currently under investigation.

Recently, a rising use of wireless internet technologies has been demonstrated. The devices 18 which use these technologies emit in new spectral regions an electromagnetic radiation (EMFs) 19 which could interact with the male reproductive system. The aim of this study was to investigate in 20 vitro influence of electromagnetic fields at 27 GHz on sperm quality in Mytilus galloprovincialis. 21 Sperm samples, were collected from sexually mature males of M. galloprovincialis and placed in sea- 22 water. Once evaluated the number and quality of spermatozoa, sperm cells were exposed to elec- 23 tromagnetic fields radiated by a pyramidal horn antenna. The effect of exposure was evaluated after 24 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 minutes with light microscope and using Eosin test. Ten replications were per- 25 formed for each time series, and statistical analysis was carried out byt-test. A significative decrease 26 in sperm motility was observed after 10 minutes of exposure and after 30 minutes most of sperms 27 were immobile and not vital. This study provides useful data on potential ecological impact of the 28 5G high-band on animal fertility, whose effect is currently under investigation.