The arc welding process is widely used in industry but its automatic control is limited by the difficulty in measuring the weld bead geometry and closing the control loop on the arc, which has adverse environmental conditions. To address this problem, this work proposes a system to capture the welding variables and send stimuli to the Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) conventional process with a constant voltage power source, which allows weld bead geometry estimation with an open-loop control. Dynamic models of depth and width estimators of the weld bead are implemented based on the fusion of thermographic data, welding current and welding voltage in a multilayer perceptron neural network. The estimators were trained and validated off-line with data from a novel algorithm developed to extract the features of the infrared image, a laser profilometer was implemented to measure the bead dimensions and an image processing algorithm that measures depth by making a longitudinal cut in the weld bead. These estimators are optimized for embedded devices and real-time processing and were implemented on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device. Experiments to collect data, train and validate the estimators are presented and discussed. The results show that the proposed method is useful in industrial and research environments.

Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication, essential for enhancing road safety, driving efficiency, and traffic management, must be robust against cybersecurity threats for successful deployment and acceptance. This survey comprehensively explores V2X security challenges, focusing on prevalent cybersecurity threats such as jamming, spoofing, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), and eavesdropping attacks. These threats were selected due to their prevalence and ability to compromise the integrity and reliability of V2X systems. Jamming can disrupt communications, spoofing can lead to data and identity manipulation, DDoS attacks can saturate system resources, and eavesdropping can compromise user privacy and information confidentiality. Addressing these major threats ensures that V2X systems are robust and secure for successful deployment and widespread acceptance. An extensive review uncovered a global landscape of V2X cybersecurity research. We highlight contributions from China in scientific publications and the United States in patent innovations, with notable advancements from leading corporations such as Qualcomm, LG, Huawei, Intel, Apple, and Samsung. This work educates and informs on the current state of V2X cybersecurity and identifies emerging trends and future research directions based on a year-by-year analysis of the literature and patents. The findings underscore the evolving cybersecurity landscape in V2X systems and the importance of continued innovation and research in this critical field. The survey navigates the complexities of securing V2X communications, emphasizing the necessity for advanced security protocols and technologies, and highlights innovative approaches within the global scientific and patent research context. By providing a panoramic view of the field, this survey sets the stage for future advancements in V2X cybersecurity.

The deployment and acceptance of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies are essential for the advancement of intelligent transportation systems, requiring robust simulation tools for development and validation. This paper offers an overview of leading V2X simulation tools, emphasizing their role in communication and cybersecurity applications. Existing surveys are reviewed, identifying gaps such as the limited coverage of less known tools such as CARLA and CarSim and the absence of detailed market analyses. A thorough assessment of the market significance of V2X simulation tools is provided, highlighting annual trends and profiling leading companies. Publication trends across major scientific databases are also examined, reflecting the growing interest and research diversity in V2X simulations. The review includes an analysis of crucial simulation tools such as SUMO, NS3, OMNeT++, Veins, and CARLA, emphasizing their contributions to V2X communications. Regarding cybersecurity, the study explores simulation parameters for mitigating security threats such as jamming, spoofing, Denial of Service (DoS), and eavesdropping. Furthermore, the increasing integration of different simulation tools is highlighted to address their individual limitations. Finally, emerging research opportunities are identified, advocating for the integration of co-simulation frameworks and AI-driven (Artificial Intelligence) approaches to improve the accuracy and resilience of V2X systems. This survey aims to guide future research efforts in developing secure, efficient, and scalable V2X communication technologies.

This paper proposes a scheme for secure telecommunication based on the projective synchronization of hyperchaotic systems. The design of the synchronizer considers the presence of disturbances to increase the robustness of the method. The main advantage of the proposed approach lies in that only two control inputs are required to synchronize the master and slave systems. Hence, the control structure is simple, which, in turn, simplifies the applications. Based on Lyapunov theory, the proposed approach ensures the finite-time convergence of the synchronization error to a small neighborhood of the origin, even in the presence of disturbances in all states. Simulations to both show the advantages and applications of the proposed approach were also accomplished to validate the theory.