Nutrition can play a key role in cardiovascular disease risk reduction, and its risk factors modification. This paper aims to present, compare, and summarize the main dietary concepts for preventing the main cardiovascular disease risk factors - obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The dietary models and macronutrient intakes were compared between main cardiovascular risk factors prevention recommendations. Dietary recommendations related to selected cardiovascular risk factors share the points, that can be suggested as crucial for overall cardiovascular risk factors reduction. Recommendations suggest limiting saturated fatty acids intake to <10% of total caloric intake in obesity, and <7 % in hypercholesterolemia, along with an increased intake of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition, daily dietary fiber intake should reach a level of 25-40 g. The vegetables and fruits should be consumed at a daily minimum level of 200g (or 4-5 portions) each. Salt intake should not exceed 5g/day. Alcohol should be generally avoided, and moderate intake levels (sex-specific) should not be exceeded. It is also worth noting, that proteins are essential for tissue formation and regeneration. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy, but it is necessary to choose products with a low glycemic index. Dietary antioxidants help combat free radicals and prevent cell damage.

Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death globally; however, most cases could be prevented by addressing modifiable risk factors, such as unhealthy lifestyle factors, including diet. These aspects are also crucial in secondary prevention. Cardiac rehabilitation programs are vital in improving cardiovascular outcomes, and apart from recommended pharmacotherapy, they focus on lifestyle modifications, including exercise, a healthy diet, and smoking cessation. The aim of this review was to summarize the evidence on the role of dietary education in cardiac rehabilitation programs. The available data show that nutritional recommendations play an important role in cardiac rehabilitation programs, with the Mediterranean diet being widely recommended for its cardiovascular benefits. Adherence to dietary recommendations in the course of cardiac rehabilitation has been linked to improved metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes; however, further studies with long-term follow-up are needed. Moreover, while challenges in following dietary recommendations exist, individualized care and support are essential for successful outcomes in cardiac rehabilitation programs. Including dietary education is an important part of cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction; however, more studies are needed to investigate the role of individualized dietary support and personalized education in cardiac rehabilitation.

Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism and cardiovascular function, with even mild dysfunction—such as subclinical hypothyroidism—negatively impacting heart health. While previous studies have confirmed the effects of iodine, selenium, and vitamin D on thyroid regulation and inflammation, the combined role of these nutrients in reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in autoimmune thyroid disorders remains insufficiently understood. This review explores the influence of specific micronutrients—including selenium, iodine, and zinc—and dietary patterns, particularly the Mediterranean diet, on the pathophysiology of hypothyroidism and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. We introduce a novel framework that integrates emerging data on sex-specific micronutrient interactions and nutritional immunomodulation. Unlike the existing literature, this review introduces original hypotheses related to sex-specific nutritional immunomodulation and proposes a novel framework for micronutrient-driven dietary intervention in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Introduction: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder that remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. It is characterized by high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), which leads to an increased cardiovascular disease risk. Pharmacotherapy of FH is based on high-dose statin therapy, often combined with ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 inhibitors. The dietary approach is an important and supportive part of FH management. Methods: This review aimed to present the available evidence on dietary strategies in FH patients. The analyzed aspects included macronutrients such as fat and carbohydrate intake, as well as the role of dietary fiber, nutraceuticals (omega-3, beta-glucan, phytosterols, and red yeast fermented rice extract), and overall dietary models. Results and Conclusions: Based on the available data, the Mediterranean diet is a dietary model advised in cardiovascular prevention, including patients with FH. Regarding detailed recommendations, the current state of knowledge indicates dietary fat and saturated fatty acids intake limitation as an advised strategy. Supplementation of phytosterols and fiber can be also helpful in FH.

This review focuses specifically on pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a serious inherited disease that affects the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems in children and adolescents, causing chronic inflammation, infections, and impaired nutrient absorption. A key component of patient care is monitoring nutritional status, particularly based on BMI, which correlates with lung function and life expectancy. This paper presents the latest guidelines for dietary therapy, including a high-calorie and fat-rich diet supported by pancreatic enzymes, as well as the importance of vitamin and mineral supplementation in the context of CF pathophysiology. The role of modern therapies that modulate CFTR function to improve patients’ quality of life and support antimicrobial therapy is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the role of the gut microbiota and the potential for its modulation by probiotics, highlighting their potential to alleviate inflammation and support the immune system. The conclusions underscore the need for a comprehensive, individualized approach to diagnosis and therapy, which is crucial for improving the quality of life and health prognosis of children with CF. New visual tools and a clinical case study enhance the practical applicability of current recommendations, while emerging areas such as microbiome-targeted interventions and treatment inequalities are also addressed.

Objectives: The aim of this literature review was to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding dietary patterns and drug–food interactions in the context of statin therapy, with particular emphasis on their impact on the efficacy and safety of treatment. Background: Statins are the first-line pharmacological therapy for lipid lowering in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, as recommended by current European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society guidelines. Despite their well-established efficacy, residual cardiovascular risk often persists, highlighting the importance of adjunctive lifestyle interventions. Dietary factors not only independently influence lipid metabolism but may also modify statin efficacy and safety through metabolic and pharmacokinetic interactions. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for English-language publications published between January 2000 and December 2024. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, observational studies, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and international clinical guidelines evaluating dietary factors in statin-treated adults. Due to the heterogeneity of the included studies, a qualitative narrative synthesis was performed. Results: The evidence indicates that selected dietary interventions, particularly soluble fiber and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, may provide additive lipid-lowering and cardiovascular benefits when combined with statin therapy. Conclusions: Dietary interventions, particularly the Mediterranean dietary pattern, may complement statin therapy by providing additive cardiovascular and lipid-lowering benefits. Evidence supporting direct interactions with statins is strongest for the Mediterranean diet, whereas data regarding dietary approaches to stop hypertension and other dietary patterns remain limited despite their established cardiovascular benefits. Personalized dietary counseling should also account for clinically relevant food–drug interactions, particularly grapefruit juice and alcohol.