Background: The radial nerve (RN) is a peripheral nerve that originates from the posterior bundle of the brachial plexus and carries C5-Th1 fibers. In the cubital fossa radial nerve divides into a superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) and a deep branch of the radial nerve (DBRN). Next DBRN enters under the arcade of Frohse (AF) and changes its name to posterior interosseous nerve of antebrachii (PIN). The AF was first described in 1908 by Frohs and Frankel. It is the superior proximal part of the supinator muscle, which can be tendinous or membranous. Materials and methods: Eight dissected upper limbs were examined to measure the distances and characteristics of the RN, DBRN, SBRN and AF, utilizing precise electronic caliper. Results: The average distance from the point of branching of the RN into its terminal branches to the AF was 54.64 mm on average. In half of the cases DBRN divided before entering the AF. The average distance from the point of branching of the DBRN to the AF in these cases was 13.88 mm. The width of the AF averaged 8.60 mm. Five tendinous AF and three membranous AF were identified. Conclusions: A thorough understanding of the anatomy of the radial nerve and its branches in the cubital fossa, as well as the AF, is important for the development of anatomy and may also contribute to the reduction of surgical complications during procedures in this area. Keywords: radial nerve Arcade of Frohse DBRN cubital fossa cadaver

Menopause is the last menstrual bleeding, after which no further menstruation occurs for 12 months. Typically, it manifests between the ages of 45 and 55 years. The endocrine activity of the ovaries stops, resulting in a decrease in hormone production. Oestrogen deficiency during the postmenopausal period may increase the risk of neurodegeneration. Changes in the signalling of oestrogen receptors  and  (ER and ER), as well as polymorphisms Pvu II and Xba I in the ER receptor, may influence susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease. Oestrogens protect neurons from damage caused by amyloid . Oestrogens also play a role in the mitochondrial bioenergetics of neurons and in preventing brain inflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The potential role of menopausal hormone therapy in reducing dementia risk is currently under investigation. Despite the neurobiological rationale for oestrogen’s protective effects on Alzheimer’s risk and promising animal model evidence, results from observational, clinical, and prospective studies remain inconclusive.

Background: The fetal circulatory system is characterized by the presence of physiological vascular shunts—the ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus—which enable a significant portion of blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation and partially the hepatic portal system. This mechanism ensures preferential delivery of oxygenated blood to the brain, heart, and upper body. Agenesis of the ductus venosus (ADV) is a rare vascular anomaly associated with diverse anatomical variations and clinical outcomes. Objectives: This systematic review aimed to determine the prevalence of ADV and to assess the frequency of intrahepatic and extrahepatic types. Additional objectives were to identify the most common drainage sites of the umbilical vein (UV) in extrahepatic ADV, evaluate the genetic abnormalities, congenital heart defects, and extracardiac anomalies most frequently associated with ADV, and establish the prognosis of affected fetuses. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases using predefined and precise inclusion criteria. Results: The overall prevalence of ADV in the general population was 0.05%. The intrahepatic and extrahepatic types occurred with comparable frequencies, accounting for 51.2% and 48.8% of cases, respectively. In extrahepatic ADV, the most common drainage site of the UV was the right atrium (48%). The most frequent genetic abnormalities were trisomy 21 (12%) and Turner syndrome (6%). Among congenital heart defects, ventricular septal defect (22.7%) and atrioventricular septal defect (8.8%) were most prevalent. Functional consequences were observed in 37.4% of fetuses with isolated ADV, most commonly cardiomegaly. Conclusions: ADV is a rare fetal vascular anomaly. With the increasing availability and utilization of prenatal diagnostic techniques, expanding knowledge of this condition and its clinical implications is essential for accurate diagnosis, management, and prognostic assessment.

Introduction: Physical education ensures proper education for children and adolescents, as well as their personality, cultural, and social development. The pioneer of such a holistic approach to youth education in Poland was Dr. Henryk Jordan. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the biography of Henryk Jordan. Material and methods: A literature review was conducted using the Google Scholar database with selected keywords. Results and discussion: Henryk Jordan (1842–1907) after numerous internships abroad, he assumed the role of Head of the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at the Jagiellonian University. Jordan’s second life mission was to promote health-oriented behaviors among children and adolescents. Henryk Jordan park featured numerous sports fields, workshops, and provided continuous medical care. Patriotic education for youth was also emphasized. Furthermore, in 1887, he initiated the Association for Feeding Poor Children with Warm Meals, and in 1892, he assumed the leadership of the Association for Assisting Poor Students of Public Schools. For 26 years, he served as a Kraków councilor, primarily engaging in the sanitary commission. Conclusions: Henryk Jordan made an invaluable contribution to the development of physical education in Poland. He fostered the advancement of hygiene and patriotic values among the youngest citizens of the city. He was also committed to alleviating poverty among his compatriots.

The purpose of the following paper is a review of the latest literature regarding the variants of the pulmonary veins’ localisations and its clinical meaning. Analysis of a few dozen papers allowed us to create a complex paper containing the newest information regarding the venous apparatus of...

Introduction: This study aims to assess medical students’ awareness and opinions regarding body donation for anatomy education and research, including concerns about donation and personal considerations for donating one’s body. Material and methods: The anonymous survey, comprising 20 questions, was completed by 528 medical students from across Poland (366 females and 162 males). Participation in the study was voluntary. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to determine statistical distribution in the analyzed respondents. The chi-square test was used to compare demographic groups. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: 35.4% of respondents consider donating their bodies for scientific and educational purposes. More atheists wanted to donate the organs after death than Catholics (p = 0.03). The year of study and placeof residence do not influence the willingness to donate the body for scientific purposes (p = 0.55 and p = 0.23), but females were more willing to donate the organs after death than males (p = 0.002). The willingness to donate body before medical studies affected the willingness to donate body during medical studies (p < 0.001). The lack of respect from students towards cadavers is the main concern regarding body donation (42.4%). 93.9% respondents think that it is not possible to teach the anatomy without the access to a human body. Conclusions: Participation in dissection room classes increases students’ willingness to donate their own bodies. The primary barrier remains the fear of disrespect toward the cadaver. Since learning about the donor’s life story fosters respect, we recommend transitioning from anonymous approach to cadavers toward personalizing donor information and student participation in memorial ceremonies.