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Long-lasting insecticide-treated netting (LLIN) has begun to be used in agricultural product protection. We investigated the effect of a deltamethrin-incorporated LLIN on three stored product insects, red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.). Long-distance repellency was assessed in a wind tunnel for adults of each species, but no repellency was observed. Insect movement and behavior was assessed by observing the movement of adult beetles on treated and untreated netting during a 5 min period for distance traveled, velocity, mobility, and time on each netting type. Among all netting combinations, T. castaneum spent the most time highly mobile, higher velocity, and traveled a greater distance. Sitophilus oryzae and R. dominica spent significantly more time immobile and lower velocity. Efficacy of LLIN was tested by exposing adults for 60 min, removing, and holding with or without food, and monitoring for mortality up to 7 d. All S. oryzae and R. dominica were either affected or dead at all post-exposure times. The number of affected and dead adult T. castaneum combined 7 d after exposure was 42% and 95%, with or without food, respectively, and 52% of affected adults were able to recover when food was present. Overall, LLIN had no repellency or negative effect on insect movement, which increases the probability of lethal exposures of adults from walking on the netting. LLIN can be adopted in existing integrated pest management (IPM) programs for food processing facilities to prevent stored product insect infestations.
D. S. Scheff; A. R. Gerken; W. R. Morrison; J. F. Campbell; F. H. Arthur; K. Y. Zhu. Assessing repellency, movement, and mortality of three species of stored product insects after exposure to deltamethrin-incorporated long-lasting polyethylene netting. Journal of Pest Science 2021, 1 -14.
AMA StyleD. S. Scheff, A. R. Gerken, W. R. Morrison, J. F. Campbell, F. H. Arthur, K. Y. Zhu. Assessing repellency, movement, and mortality of three species of stored product insects after exposure to deltamethrin-incorporated long-lasting polyethylene netting. Journal of Pest Science. 2021; ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. S. Scheff; A. R. Gerken; W. R. Morrison; J. F. Campbell; F. H. Arthur; K. Y. Zhu. 2021. "Assessing repellency, movement, and mortality of three species of stored product insects after exposure to deltamethrin-incorporated long-lasting polyethylene netting." Journal of Pest Science , no. : 1-14.
Trogoderma granarium Everts, the khapra beetle, is a serious stored product pest known to feed on >100 different products worldwide and is a major threat to global food security. Deltamethrin-treated storage bags are a resource that could be used to limit infestations during storage of grain in bags. We investigated the efficacy of deltamethrin-treated bags against T. granarium adults and larvae. Deltamethrin-treated and untreated packaging materials were affixed into the bottom of plastic Petri dishes (62 or 137 cm2) to create a bioassay arena. Adult T. granarium were exposed and observed to determine the time to knockdown and the subsequent mortality rate within 24 h. Adult T. granarium were knocked down in Trogoderma granarium larvae were exposed for 0.33, 1, 2, 3, or 4 d or continually exposed and monitored for larval death and adult emergence. Larvae exposed for 4 d had 50% mortality versus 97% if continually exposed. Utilizing this deltamethrin-treated packaging could cause disruptions in natural populations of T. granarium found in storage facilities, and the treated packaging is an effective tool that could be implemented into an integrated pest management program for bagged grain.
Deanna S. Scheff; Frank H. Arthur; Scott W. Myers; Michael J. Domingue. Efficacy Determination of Commercial Deltamethrin-Treated Storage Bags on Trogoderma granarium Everts Adults and Larvae. Agronomy 2020, 10, 814 .
AMA StyleDeanna S. Scheff, Frank H. Arthur, Scott W. Myers, Michael J. Domingue. Efficacy Determination of Commercial Deltamethrin-Treated Storage Bags on Trogoderma granarium Everts Adults and Larvae. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (6):814.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeanna S. Scheff; Frank H. Arthur; Scott W. Myers; Michael J. Domingue. 2020. "Efficacy Determination of Commercial Deltamethrin-Treated Storage Bags on Trogoderma granarium Everts Adults and Larvae." Agronomy 10, no. 6: 814.
A series of trials was conducted for an experiment. In the first trial, adults of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, the confused flour beetle, were exposed on concrete arenas and treated with a combination aerosol of pyrethrin + methoprene dispensed for 5, 10, and 20 min at particle sizes of 4, 8, 12, and 16 μm, inside an aerosol exposure chamber. Nearly all adult T. confusum were knocked down when immediately removed from the chamber. Among all the exposure time and particle size combinations, recovery increased as the post-exposure holding period increased from one to seven days and when adults were transferred to untreated dishes with flour. A second experiment evaluated the residual effect of the aerosol on concrete arenas at 1, 3, and 6 weeks using 3-4-week-old larvae of T. confusum. Adult emergence of exposed larvae decreased with increasing particle size and exposure time. A biological index that assessed development of exposed larvae to the pupal and adult stages was also related to particle size and exposure interval, and this index was correlated with adult emergence. A third set of experiments investigated effects of particle size on adult fecundity for the 10-min exposure time. Male and female adults were cross-mated: exposed female with exposed male, exposed female with unexposed male, exposed male with unexposed female, and unexposed female and unexposed male. Progeny production was reduced as particle size increased, and there were indications that females were affected more than males by the aerosol treatment. This research could be used to improve insect pest management programs by adjusting application equipment to dispense aerosols at particle sizes that give optimum control of exposed adults and residual control of immatures and would also benefit pest management programs.
Frank H. Arthur; Deanna Scheff; Daniel Brabec; Joseph Bindel. Aerosol concentration, deposition, particle size, and exposure interval as mortality factors Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 2019, 83, 191 -199.
AMA StyleFrank H. Arthur, Deanna Scheff, Daniel Brabec, Joseph Bindel. Aerosol concentration, deposition, particle size, and exposure interval as mortality factors Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research. 2019; 83 ():191-199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank H. Arthur; Deanna Scheff; Daniel Brabec; Joseph Bindel. 2019. "Aerosol concentration, deposition, particle size, and exposure interval as mortality factors Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)." Journal of Stored Products Research 83, no. : 191-199.
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest and need for alternatives to structural fumigations, and one alternative that has been used across the industry is aerosol insecticides. Previous tests inside a pilot-scale mill demonstrated that aerosol particle size, delivery method, and the spatial configuration of the mill all influenced effectiveness. However, there is no research conducted inside large commercial facilities. The objective of this research was to evaluate a pyrethrin-plus-methoprene aerosol application inside a commercial mill on adult Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal, confused flour beetle, directly exposed to the aerosol and residual effects on larvae. Additionally, five aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometers were placed in the facility and recorded instantaneous spray concentration and estimated aerosol deposition. Adult T. confusum exposed nearest to the aerosol application points had the highest percentage of affected adults (>60%). The aerosol also had vertical movement when released at the top of a three-story open room; instantaneous concentrations were recorded on the ground floor. The aerosol residual was highly effective after 6-weeks post aerosol exposure, as 80% of the bioassays did not have any adult emergence from exposed larvae. This research demonstrates a practical use of aerosol insecticides and their potential to be an effective alternative to structural fumigations.
Deanna S. Scheff; Daniel Brabec; James F. Campbell; Frank H. Arthur. Case Study: A Practical Application of an Aerosol Treatment in a Commercial Mill. Insects 2019, 10, 150 .
AMA StyleDeanna S. Scheff, Daniel Brabec, James F. Campbell, Frank H. Arthur. Case Study: A Practical Application of an Aerosol Treatment in a Commercial Mill. Insects. 2019; 10 (5):150.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeanna S. Scheff; Daniel Brabec; James F. Campbell; Frank H. Arthur. 2019. "Case Study: A Practical Application of an Aerosol Treatment in a Commercial Mill." Insects 10, no. 5: 150.
New insecticide treatment options would be beneficial for control programs for Trogoderma granarium Everts, the khapra beetle, in the United States. Two insecticides were evaluated, the Polyzone® formulation of deltamethrin and a formulation of the insect growth regulator methoprene combined with deltamethrin and the synergist piperonyl butoxide. In the test with Polyzone® deltamethrin, concrete arenas were treated with a low and high rate, and held outside, inside a shed, or inside a lab. Compared to storage in the lab, residue degradation increased slightly in the shed, and then further outside, as evidenced by greater larval survival and adult emergence. Across all environmental treatments, the high rate was more effective than the lower rate. For the combination methoprene product, the effect of food contact with treated surfaces was examined. When treating arenas with food and transferring the food to clean dishes, there was no immediate effect on larval survival, but there was a reduction in survival and emergence to the adult stage after one month. For both tests, larvae apparently often went into diapause after they were introduced onto the treatment arenas. Both treatments could be utilized in management programs if T. granarium infestations are detected.
Frank H. Arthur; Michael J. Domingue; Deanna S. Scheff; Scott W. Myers. Bioassays and Methodologies for Insecticide Tests with Larvae of Trogoderma granarium (Everts), the Khapra Beetle. Insects 2019, 10, 145 .
AMA StyleFrank H. Arthur, Michael J. Domingue, Deanna S. Scheff, Scott W. Myers. Bioassays and Methodologies for Insecticide Tests with Larvae of Trogoderma granarium (Everts), the Khapra Beetle. Insects. 2019; 10 (5):145.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrank H. Arthur; Michael J. Domingue; Deanna S. Scheff; Scott W. Myers. 2019. "Bioassays and Methodologies for Insecticide Tests with Larvae of Trogoderma granarium (Everts), the Khapra Beetle." Insects 10, no. 5: 145.
Packaged food products inside retail stores and food warehouses are susceptible to infestation by stored-product insects. The insect growth regulator methoprene can be impregnated onto packaging materials to help limit stored-product insect population development and prevent infestations. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of methoprene-treated foil packaging on egg hatchability and the penetration and invasion ability of the warehouse beetle, Trogoderma variabile Ballion, and the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). Twenty-five eggs of each species were added to Petri dishes containing untreated packaging or packaging containing 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5% of the active ingredient methoprene. Petri dishes were held for 7 d in an environmental chamber at 27 °C and 60% r.h. to determine percent hatchability of eggs. Additionally, 6 cm by 8 cm food packages were created from untreated and methoprene-treated packaging and placed into 0.18-L vials. First or third instars of each species were introduced into vials containing diet or no diet, to determine penetration ability after 21 and 42 d. In a separate experiment, packages were pierced with pinholes, and first instar T. variable or P. interpunctella were introduced and observed after 21 and 42 d for package invasion. The foil packaging had no significant effect on egg hatchability of either species. T. variabile were unable to penetrate or invade any foil packages. P. interpunctella invaded all packages containing pinholes. The methoprene-treated packaging reduced adult emergence of P. interpunctella and caused pupal and adult deformations in T. variabile. Methoprene-treated packaging presents a valuable option for food manufacturers to prevent insect infestations and maintain integrity of packaged food products.
Deanna Scheff; Bhadriraju Subramanyam; Frank H. Arthur; Hulya Dogan. Plodia interpunctella and Trogoderma variabile larval penetration and invasion of untreated and methoprene-treated foil packaging. Journal of Stored Products Research 2018, 78, 74 -82.
AMA StyleDeanna Scheff, Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Frank H. Arthur, Hulya Dogan. Plodia interpunctella and Trogoderma variabile larval penetration and invasion of untreated and methoprene-treated foil packaging. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2018; 78 ():74-82.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeanna Scheff; Bhadriraju Subramanyam; Frank H. Arthur; Hulya Dogan. 2018. "Plodia interpunctella and Trogoderma variabile larval penetration and invasion of untreated and methoprene-treated foil packaging." Journal of Stored Products Research 78, no. : 74-82.
Stored products represent an enormous economic output, but insects regularly immigrate into stored products from the surrounding landscape throughout the postharvest supply chain. Long-lasting insecticide-incorporatednetting (LLIN), which usually contains an incorporated pyrethroid, has been used as part of a strategy to reduce the spread of malaria in tropical regions since the 1990s and has only recently been considered for its application in pre- and postharvest agricultural contexts. The goal of this study was to determine how short-term exposure to LLINs in the laboratory impacts the locomotory behavior and mortality for adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) red flour beetle, and Rhyzopertha dominica (Fauvel), (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) lesser grain borer, at different periods of time after exposure. Exposure to LLINs resulted in multiple-fold reductions in the distance moved and elevated angular velocity in both species that quickly took effect and persisted even after 168 h compared with adults exposed to control netting. R. dominica was somewhat more susceptible than T. castaneum to LLINs. Finally, the dispersal capacity of both species, measured as ability to move to a remote resource patch, was significantly impaired or absent after exposure to LLINs compared to adults exposed to control netting. Our results demonstrate that LLINs are a promising new technology for reducing infestation by stored product insects since even short exposures limit movement and ultimately lead to knockdown and death.
William R Morrison; Rachel V Wilkins; Alison R Gerken; Deanna Scheff; Kun Yan Zhu; Frank H Arthur; James F Campbell. Mobility of Adult Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) After Exposure to Long-Lasting Insecticide-Incorporated Netting. Journal of Economic Entomology 2018, 111, 2443 -2453.
AMA StyleWilliam R Morrison, Rachel V Wilkins, Alison R Gerken, Deanna Scheff, Kun Yan Zhu, Frank H Arthur, James F Campbell. Mobility of Adult Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) After Exposure to Long-Lasting Insecticide-Incorporated Netting. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2018; 111 (5):2443-2453.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilliam R Morrison; Rachel V Wilkins; Alison R Gerken; Deanna Scheff; Kun Yan Zhu; Frank H Arthur; James F Campbell. 2018. "Mobility of Adult Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) After Exposure to Long-Lasting Insecticide-Incorporated Netting." Journal of Economic Entomology 111, no. 5: 2443-2453.
Deanna S Scheff; James F Campbell; Frank H Arthur. Aerosol Dispersal Patterns and Resulting Effects on Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Adults. Journal of Economic Entomology 2018, 111, 2435 -2442.
AMA StyleDeanna S Scheff, James F Campbell, Frank H Arthur. Aerosol Dispersal Patterns and Resulting Effects on Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Adults. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2018; 111 (5):2435-2442.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeanna S Scheff; James F Campbell; Frank H Arthur. 2018. "Aerosol Dispersal Patterns and Resulting Effects on Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Adults." Journal of Economic Entomology 111, no. 5: 2435-2442.
The larvae of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), can invade or penetrate packaging materials and infest food products. Energy bars with three polypropylene packaging types were challenged with eggs (first instars), third instars, and fifth instars of P. interpunctella to determine package resistance at 28 °C and 65% r.h. The packing types were also challenged with two male and two female pupae of P. interpunctella under similar conditions in order to determine which package provided the greatest protection against larval penetration. Samples infested with eggs, third instars, and pupae were evaluated after 21 days and 42 days to count the number of larvae, pupae, and adults found inside the packages. Packages challenged with fifth instars were observed after 21 days to count the number of larvae, pupae, and adults inside each package. The number and diameter of the holes were determined in each package, followed by the amount of damage sustained to the energy bar. Third and fifth instars showed a higher tendency to penetrate all of the packaging types. First instars showed a reduction in package penetration ability compared with third and fifth instars. The increase in exposure time resulted in an increase in the damage sustained to the energy bars. Among packaging types, the thickest package (Test A) was most resilient to penetration by all of the larval stages. In conclusion, energy bar manufacturers need to invest more effort into improving packaging designs, creating thicker gauge films, or advancing odor barrier technology, in order to prevent penetration and infestation by P. interpunctella larvae.
Deanna S. Scheff; Blossom Sehgal; Bhadriraju Subramanyam. Evaluating Penetration Ability of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae into Multilayer Polypropylene Packages. Insects 2018, 9, 42 .
AMA StyleDeanna S. Scheff, Blossom Sehgal, Bhadriraju Subramanyam. Evaluating Penetration Ability of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae into Multilayer Polypropylene Packages. Insects. 2018; 9 (2):42.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeanna S. Scheff; Blossom Sehgal; Bhadriraju Subramanyam. 2018. "Evaluating Penetration Ability of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae into Multilayer Polypropylene Packages." Insects 9, no. 2: 42.
The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, are capable of exploiting any rip, tear, or defect in packaged food and infest the contents. Incorporating packaging materials with insecticides is a novel technological approach that is gaining interest as a preventative measure to deter packaging infestations. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of deltamethrin-incorporated packaging on T. castaneum and T. confusum adult fecundity. Treatment arenas consisted of deltamethrin-incorporated packaging secured to ~ 62 cm2 plastic Petri dishes. Ten male or female adults of either species were exposed on treated or untreated packaging for time intervals ranging from 0.67 to 168 h. Males and females were then cross-mated: One exposed male paired with one exposed female; exposed male with unexposed female; unexposed male with exposed female; and unexposed male with unexposed female. Pairs were held in a 7-dram vial for 7 days, removed, and vials held for emergence of F1 adults. There were no progeny when mating pairs of T. castaneum male were exposed for ≥ 48 h, while 168 h of exposure was necessary to prevent progeny production of T. confusum mated pairs. T. castaneum was more susceptible compared to T. confusum. This study showed adult beetles are capable of recovering from knockdown and produce progeny, but long-term exposure to treated material inhibited the F1 generation. Integrating deltamethrin-incorporated packaging material into an existing integrated pest management program could provide additional protection of packaged food products.
Deanna S. Scheff; Frank H. Arthur. Fecundity of Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum adults after exposure to deltamethrin packaging. Journal of Pest Science 2017, 91, 717 -725.
AMA StyleDeanna S. Scheff, Frank H. Arthur. Fecundity of Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum adults after exposure to deltamethrin packaging. Journal of Pest Science. 2017; 91 (2):717-725.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeanna S. Scheff; Frank H. Arthur. 2017. "Fecundity of Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum adults after exposure to deltamethrin packaging." Journal of Pest Science 91, no. 2: 717-725.
Deanna Scheff; Bhadriraju Subramanyam; Frank H. Arthur. Susceptibility of Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma variabile larvae and adults exposed to methoprene-treated woven packaging material. Journal of Stored Products Research 2017, 73, 142 -150.
AMA StyleDeanna Scheff, Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Frank H. Arthur. Susceptibility of Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma variabile larvae and adults exposed to methoprene-treated woven packaging material. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2017; 73 ():142-150.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeanna Scheff; Bhadriraju Subramanyam; Frank H. Arthur. 2017. "Susceptibility of Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma variabile larvae and adults exposed to methoprene-treated woven packaging material." Journal of Stored Products Research 73, no. : 142-150.
Deanna Scheff; Bhadriraju Subramanyam; Frank H. Arthur. Effect of methoprene treated polymer packaging on fecundity, egg hatchability, and egg-to-adult emergence of Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma variabile. Journal of Stored Products Research 2016, 69, 227 -234.
AMA StyleDeanna Scheff, Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Frank H. Arthur. Effect of methoprene treated polymer packaging on fecundity, egg hatchability, and egg-to-adult emergence of Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma variabile. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2016; 69 ():227-234.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeanna Scheff; Bhadriraju Subramanyam; Frank H. Arthur. 2016. "Effect of methoprene treated polymer packaging on fecundity, egg hatchability, and egg-to-adult emergence of Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma variabile." Journal of Stored Products Research 69, no. : 227-234.