Background: Postmenopausal osteoporosis is characterized by impaired bone metabolism, inflammation, and nutritional deficiencies. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of inflammatory and nutritional markers in identifying decreased bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Methods: This cross-sectional study retrospectively analyzed postmenopausal women from January 2018 and December 2023. A total of 368 women were divided into three groups based on T-scores: 61 women with osteoporosis (T-score ≤ −2.5), 153 women with osteopenia (−1 > T-score > −2.5), and 154 women with normal BMD (T-score > −1). Inflammatory and nutritional biomarkers included the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), pan-immune inflammation value (PIV), geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), triglycerides, total cholesterol, and body weight index (TCBI), prognosis nutritional index (PNI), hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score, 25-OH Vitamin D level, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and their ratios. Results: The GNRI was significantly lower in the osteoporosis group compared to the control group. The NLR, PLR, SII, SIRI, PIV, TCBI, PNI, and HALP were similar between the groups. The GNRI and TCBI showed a positive correlation with T-scores. The Mg level was lower in the osteoporosis group than in the control group and osteopenia group, and the Na/Mg ratio was higher. Additionally, the Ca/Mg ratio was lower in the osteoporosis group than in the control group. The T-score was positively correlated with Mg and Ca/Mg, while the Na/Mg ratio showed a significant negative correlation. Vitamin D, other minerals, and their ratios did not show significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the GNRI could serve as a useful indicator for assessing bone health and the risk of osteoporosis. Furthermore, maintaining appropriate levels of Mg and balanced Na/Mg and Ca/Mg ratios appears crucial for BMD.

Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a severe pregnancy complication associated with increased maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate the predictive value of hemoglobin–albumin–lymphocyte–platelet score and fibrinogen/albumin ratio (FAR) for early diagnosis of PE. Medical records of 252 pregnant women categorized as severe pre-eclampsia, non-severe pre-eclampsia and control groups were analyzed. Biomarker levels including hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocytes, fibrinogen, creatinine, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and platelets were analyzed throughout the first trimester. The results showed that FAR was significantly higher in PE groups compared to controls and correlated with disease severity (area under curve = 0.65, sensitivity = 59%, specificity = 66%, P < .001). Albumin levels were moderately predictive for PE (area under curve = 0.70, sensitivity = 66%, specificity = 71%, P < .001). In contrast, the hemoglobin–albumin–lymphocyte–platelet score did not differ significantly between groups, indicating limited utility for early prediction. Elevated FAR is thought to result from increased fibrinogen levels due to inflammatory and procoagulant mechanisms, whereas decreased albumin levels reflect systemic inflammation associated with PE. Although FAR and albumin show potential as early biomarkers for PE, their diagnostic power alone is moderate. The findings suggest that these parameters may be more effective when combined with established markers such as placental growth factor and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1. The study underlines the need for larger prospective studies to confirm these findings and explore additional biomarkers for improved PE prediction.

Background/Objectives: Understanding the regional distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes is essential for guiding effective vaccination and screening strategies. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes among unvaccinated women aged 30 years and older undergoing routine screening in Ankara. It also aimed to compare the frequencies of genotypes included and not included in current vaccines and to investigate their association with cervical smear cytology. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional, single-center study was conducted at Ankara Etlik City Hospital between 15 November 2024 and 15 February 2025. A total of 500 sexually active, unvaccinated women aged 30 years or older were enrolled. Cervical swab samples were analyzed for HPV DNA and genotypes using real-time PCR (28-type panel), and cytology results were retrospectively obtained from medical records. Results: HPV infection was detected in 18.2% of participants. Among HPV-positive women, 71.4% had single-type and 28.6% had multiple-type infections. The most common high-risk genotypes among HPV-positive individuals were HPV 16 (13.2%), HPV 18 (13.2%), and HPV 59 (13.2%). While 35.2% of HPV-positive cases included genotypes covered by the nonavalent vaccine, 64.8% involved at least one genotype not covered, mainly HPV 59, 44, and 51. HPV was detected in 17% of individuals with normal cytology, 19% of those with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), and 100% of cases with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings emphasize the persistence of high-risk and non-vaccine-covered HPV types in the population, highlighting the need for updated vaccination policies and the development of broader-spectrum vaccines aligned with local genotype profiles.

Background/Objectives: Vernix caseosa is a natural protective barrier with moisturizing, wound healing, and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of vernix caseosa on skin pigmentation and wound healing in cesarean section incisions. Methods: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at Ankara Etlik City Hospital, Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic. A total of 210 first-time cesarean section patients were included. Vernix caseosa, collected from newborns, was applied to the incision site in half of the participants, while the other half received a placebo. Scar assessment was performed using the Manchester Scar Scale and the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS). Results: The vernix group showed significantly lower Manchester Scar Scale scores (9.00 ± 2.07 vs. 12.60 ± 2.72, p < 0.001) and POSAS total scores (53.57 ± 20.48 vs. 89.60 ± 26.54, p < 0.001) compared to the control group. These results suggest that vernix caseosa accelerates wound healing and improves cosmetic outcomes. Conclusions: Vernix caseosa emerges as a natural, effective, and low-cost method to promote wound healing in cesarean section incisions. Its medical and cosmetic benefits support its use in postoperative care. Future studies could further validate these findings in broader populations and explore additional clinical applications.

Objective: Pancreatic stone protein (PSP) is a secretory protein associated with systemic inflammation and β-cell stress. Given its reported association with type 2 diabetes mellitus, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum PSP levels and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to assess its diagnostic performance. Methods: This single-center, prospective cohort study was conducted between June 2024 and May 2025. Eighty-four pregnant women at 24–28 weeks’ gestation were enrolled: 42 diagnosed with GDM according to Carpenter–Coustan criteria and 42 healthy controls. Serum PSP levels were measured using ELISA at the time of GDM diagnosis, and prior to treatment initiation. Group comparisons were performed using appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests. Diagnostic performance was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Maternal weight was significantly higher in the GDM group (78.3 ± 10.0 kg vs. 68.4 ± 7.6 kg, p < 0.001). Serum PSP levels were significantly elevated in women with GDM compared to controls (8.89 ± 0.81 ng/mL vs. 7.72 ± 0.64 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Neonatal birth weight was also higher in the GDM group (3606 ± 507 g vs. 3355 ± 308 g, p = 0.008), while Apgar scores did not differ significantly. ROC analysis demonstrated an AUC of 0.883 (95% CI: 0.805–0.946, p < 0.001). At a cut-off value of 8.38 ng/mL, sensitivity was 76.2% and specificity was 85.7%. Conclusions: Serum PSP levels are significantly elevated in GDM and demonstrate good diagnostic performance. PSP may serve as a supportive biomarker reflecting β-cell stress in GDM, warranting further multicenter validation studies.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary etiological agent of cervical cancer. Although obesity has been proposed as a factor influencing HPV acquisition and disease course through immune and metabolic mechanisms, its role remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and high-risk (HR)-HPV infection, including genotype distribution, infection type, and cytological findings. Methods: This cross-sectional study included women aged 21 years and older who underwent cervical sampling between August and November 2025. Participants were classified as non-obese (BMI 0.05). HPV-68 was the most frequently detected genotype. Conclusions: BMI was not independently associated with HR-HPV infection or related clinical and cytological features. These findings suggest that HPV infection is primarily influenced by viral characteristics and host immune response, while BMI appears to play a limited role. Further multicenter prospective studies are needed to clarify the impact of obesity on HPV infection.