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The study aimed to compare the yeast species diversity in the specific environment of dishwashers, taking into account the potential risk for users. Yeasts were isolated from ten dishwashers and from tap water supplied to the appliances. Samples were collected for mycological analyses at the beginning of each month, from February to May 2016. Four dishwasher sites (rubber seals, detergent dispensers, sprinklers, and water drains) were analyzed. The microfungi were identified by the standard procedures applied in mycological diagnostics. To confirm species identification, molecular analysis was performed based on the sequences of the D1/D2 region. The presence of microfungi was detected in 70% of the investigated appliances. Rubber seals, detergent dispensers, and water drains were the most frequently colonized elements. Thirty-five yeast strains were isolated in this study, of which twenty-seven were obtained from dishwashers and eight from tap water. The strains belonged to six genera and six species (Candida parapsilosis, Clavispora lusitaniae, Dipodascus capitatus, Exophiala dermatitidis, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa). Most of the strains came from rubber seals. In this way, it was demonstrated that the dishwashers’ condition is sufficient as an ecological niche for microfungi.
Kamila Kulesza; Anna Biedunkiewicz; Karolina Nowacka; Maria Dynowska; Monika Urbaniak; Łukasz Stępień. Dishwashers as an Extreme Environment of Potentially Pathogenic Yeast Species. Pathogens 2021, 10, 446 .
AMA StyleKamila Kulesza, Anna Biedunkiewicz, Karolina Nowacka, Maria Dynowska, Monika Urbaniak, Łukasz Stępień. Dishwashers as an Extreme Environment of Potentially Pathogenic Yeast Species. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (4):446.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamila Kulesza; Anna Biedunkiewicz; Karolina Nowacka; Maria Dynowska; Monika Urbaniak; Łukasz Stępień. 2021. "Dishwashers as an Extreme Environment of Potentially Pathogenic Yeast Species." Pathogens 10, no. 4: 446.
Fungal pathogens face similar stress conditions to those affecting plants and saprotrophic fungi. Therefore, mechanisms underlying fungal response to the stress factors may be well-conserved across various taxa. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the most researched for signal transduction pathways but many of the pathways' components were later reported for filamentous fungi as well. The most widely studied pathways are those involving the G proteins, adenylate cyclase (cAMP) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Apart from these, the target-of-rapamycin (TOR), calcium/calcineurin and cell wall integrity (CWI) pathways are of significant interest when stress response is considered. All these pathways were included in this review. It seems that the TOR-received signals are transferred to the CWI pathway, secondary metabolism and virulence. Specific and non-specific cellular responses of Fusarium species, triggered by signals received from the environment, were discussed, with particular focus on stress response and pathogenicity towards the plant host.
Łukasz Stępień; Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska. Signaling pathways involved in virulence and stress response of plant-pathogenic Fusarium species. Fungal Biology Reviews 2020, 35, 27 -39.
AMA StyleŁukasz Stępień, Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska. Signaling pathways involved in virulence and stress response of plant-pathogenic Fusarium species. Fungal Biology Reviews. 2020; 35 ():27-39.
Chicago/Turabian StyleŁukasz Stępień; Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska. 2020. "Signaling pathways involved in virulence and stress response of plant-pathogenic Fusarium species." Fungal Biology Reviews 35, no. : 27-39.
Most of the fungi from the Fusarium genus are pathogenic to cereals, vegetables, and fruits and the products of their secondary metabolism mycotoxins may accumulate in foods and feeds. Non-ribosomal cyclodepsipeptides are one of the main mycotoxin groups and include beauvericins (BEAs), enniatins (ENNs), and beauvenniatins (BEAEs). When ingested, even small amounts of these metabolites significantly affect human and animal health. On the other hand, in view of their antimicrobial activities and cytotoxicity, they may be used as components in drug discovery and processing and are considered as suitable candidates for anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, it is crucial to expand the existing knowledge about cyclodepsipeptides and to search for new analogues of these compounds. The present manuscript aimed to highlight the extensive variability of cyclodepsipeptides by describing chemistry, biosynthesis, and occurrence of BEAs, ENNs, and BEAEs in foods and feeds. Moreover, the co-occurrence of Fusarium species was compared to the amounts of toxins in crops, vegetables, and fruits from different regions of the world.
Monika Urbaniak; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Łukasz Stępień. Fusarium Cyclodepsipeptide Mycotoxins: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Occurrence. Toxins 2020, 12, 765 .
AMA StyleMonika Urbaniak, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Łukasz Stępień. Fusarium Cyclodepsipeptide Mycotoxins: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Occurrence. Toxins. 2020; 12 (12):765.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonika Urbaniak; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Łukasz Stępień. 2020. "Fusarium Cyclodepsipeptide Mycotoxins: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Occurrence." Toxins 12, no. 12: 765.
Being pathogenic fungi, Fusarium produce various extracellular cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that degrade the polysaccharides in the plant cell wall. They also produce mycotoxins that contaminate grains, thereby posing a serious threat to animals and human beings. Exposure to mycotoxins occurs through ingestion of contaminated grains, inhalation and through skin absorption, thereby causing mycotoxicoses. The toxins weaken the host plant, allowing the pathogen to invade successfully, with the efficiency varying from strain to strain and depending on the plant infected. Fusariumoxysporum predominantly produces moniliformin and cyclodepsipeptides, whereas F. proliferatum produces fumonisins. The aim of the study was to understand the role of various substrates and pea plant extracts in inducing the production of CWDEs and mycotoxins. Additionally, to monitor the differences in their levels when susceptible and resistant pea plant extracts were supplemented. The cultures of F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum strains were supplemented with various potential inducers of CWDEs. During the initial days after the addition of substrates, the fungus cocultivated with pea extracts and other carbon substrates showed increased activities of β-glucosidase, xylanase, exo-1,4-glucanase and lipase. The highest inhibition of mycelium growth (57%) was found in the cultures of F. proliferatum strain PEA1 upon the addition of cv. Sokolik extract. The lowest fumonisin content was exhibited by the cultures with the pea extracts and oat bran added, and this can be related to the secondary metabolites and antioxidants present in these substrates.
Lakshmipriya Perincherry; Chaima Ajmi; Souheib Oueslati; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Łukasz Stępień. Induction of Fusarium lytic Enzymes by Extracts from Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars of Pea (Pisum sativum L.). Pathogens 2020, 9, 976 .
AMA StyleLakshmipriya Perincherry, Chaima Ajmi, Souheib Oueslati, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Łukasz Stępień. Induction of Fusarium lytic Enzymes by Extracts from Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars of Pea (Pisum sativum L.). Pathogens. 2020; 9 (11):976.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLakshmipriya Perincherry; Chaima Ajmi; Souheib Oueslati; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Łukasz Stępień. 2020. "Induction of Fusarium lytic Enzymes by Extracts from Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)." Pathogens 9, no. 11: 976.
Beauvericin (BEA) is a cyclodepsipeptide mycotoxin, showing insecticidal, antibiotic and antimicrobial activities, as well as inducing apoptosis of cancer cell lines. BEA can be produced by multiple fungal species, including saprotrophs, plant, insect and human pathogens, particularly belonging to Fusarium, Beauveria and Isaria genera. The ability of Trichoderma species to produce BEA was until now uncertain. Biosynthesis of BEA is governed by a non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS), known as beauvericin synthase (BEAS), which appears to present considerable divergence among different fungal species. In the present study we compared the production of beauvericin among Fusarium and Trichoderma strains using UPLC methods. BEAS fragments were sequenced and analyzed to examine the level of the gene’s divergence between these two genera and confirm the presence of active BEAS copy in Trichoderma. Seventeen strains of twelve species were studied and phylogenetic analysis showed distinctive grouping of Fusarium and Trichoderma strains. The highest producers of beauvericin were F. proliferatum and F. nygamai. Trichoderma strains of three species (T. atroviride, T. viride, T. koningiopsis) were minor BEA producers. The study showed beauvericin production by Fusarium and Trichoderma species and high variance of the non-ribosomal peptide synthase gene among fungal species from the Hypocreales order.
Monika Urbaniak; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Grzegorz Koczyk; Lidia Błaszczyk; Łukasz Stępień. Divergence of Beauvericin Synthase Gene among Fusarium and Trichoderma Species. Journal of Fungi 2020, 6, 288 .
AMA StyleMonika Urbaniak, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Grzegorz Koczyk, Lidia Błaszczyk, Łukasz Stępień. Divergence of Beauvericin Synthase Gene among Fusarium and Trichoderma Species. Journal of Fungi. 2020; 6 (4):288.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonika Urbaniak; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Grzegorz Koczyk; Lidia Błaszczyk; Łukasz Stępień. 2020. "Divergence of Beauvericin Synthase Gene among Fusarium and Trichoderma Species." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4: 288.
The primary aim of this study was to determine the relationship between soluble sugar levels (sucrose, glucose, or fructose) in yellow lupine embryo axes and the pathogenicity of the hemibiotrophic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Schlecht lupini. The first step of this study was to determine the effect of exogenous saccharides on the growth and sporulation of F. oxysporum. The second one focused on estimating the levels of ergosterol as a fungal growth indicator in infected embryo axes cultured in vitro on sugar containing-medium or without it. The third aim of this study was to record the levels of the mycotoxin moniliformin as the most characteristic secondary metabolite of F. oxysporum in the infected embryo axes with the high sugar medium and without it. Additionally, morphometric measurements, i.e., the length and fresh weight of embryo axes, were done. The levels of ergosterol were the highest in infected embryo axes with a sugar deficit. At the same time, significant accumulation of the mycotoxin moniliformin was recorded in those tissues. Furthermore, it was found that the presence of sugars in water agar medium inhibited the sporulation of the pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum in relation to the control (sporulation of the pathogen on medium without sugar), the strongest inhibiting effect was observed in the case of glucose. Infection caused by F. oxysporum significantly limited the growth of embryo axes, but this effect was more visible on infected axes cultured under sugar deficiency than on the ones cultured with soluble sugars. The obtained results thus showed that high sugar levels may lead to reduced production of mycotoxins by F. oxysporum, limiting infection development and fusariosis.
Magda Formela-Luboińska; Dorota Remlein-Starosta; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Zbigniew Karolewski; Jan Bocianowski; Łukasz Stępień; Mateusz Labudda; Philippe Jeandet; Iwona Morkunas. The Role of Saccharides in the Mechanisms of Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini in Yellow Lupine (Lupinus luteus L.). International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020, 21, 7258 .
AMA StyleMagda Formela-Luboińska, Dorota Remlein-Starosta, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Zbigniew Karolewski, Jan Bocianowski, Łukasz Stępień, Mateusz Labudda, Philippe Jeandet, Iwona Morkunas. The Role of Saccharides in the Mechanisms of Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini in Yellow Lupine (Lupinus luteus L.). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21 (19):7258.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagda Formela-Luboińska; Dorota Remlein-Starosta; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Zbigniew Karolewski; Jan Bocianowski; Łukasz Stępień; Mateusz Labudda; Philippe Jeandet; Iwona Morkunas. 2020. "The Role of Saccharides in the Mechanisms of Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini in Yellow Lupine (Lupinus luteus L.)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19: 7258.
It has been over 200 years since Fusarium pathogens were described for the first time, and they are still in the spotlight of researchers worldwide, mostly due to their mycotoxigenic abilities and subsequent introduction of harmful metabolites into the food chain
Łukasz Stępień. Fusarium: Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, Pathogenicity. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1404 .
AMA StyleŁukasz Stępień. Fusarium: Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, Pathogenicity. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (9):1404.
Chicago/Turabian StyleŁukasz Stępień. 2020. "Fusarium: Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, Pathogenicity." Microorganisms 8, no. 9: 1404.
Fungi from the Hypocreales order synthesize a range of toxic non-ribosomal cyclic peptides with antimicrobial, insecticidal and cytotoxic activities. Entomopathogenic Beauveria, Isaria and Cordyceps as well as phytopathogenic Fusarium spp. are known producers of beauvericins (BEAs), beauvenniatins (BEAEs) or enniatins (ENNs). The compounds are synthesized by beauvericin/enniatin synthase (BEAS/ESYN1), which shows significant sequence divergence among Hypocreales members. We investigated ENN, BEA and BEAE production among entomopathogenic (Beauveria, Cordyceps, Isaria) and phytopathogenic (Fusarium) fungi; BEA and ENNs were quantified using an LC-MS/MS method. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of putative BEAS/ESYN1 amplicons was also made. Nineteen fungal strains were identified based on sequence analysis of amplified ITS and tef-1α regions. BEA was produced by all investigated fungi, with F. proliferatum and F. concentricum being the most efficient producers. ENNs were synthesized mostly by F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum and C. confragosa. The phylogeny reconstruction suggests that ancestral BEA biosynthesis independently diverged into biosynthesis of other compounds. The divergent positioning of three Fusarium isolates raises the possibility of parallel acquisition of cyclic depsipeptide synthases in ancient complexes within Fusarium genus. Different fungi have independently evolved NRPS genes involved in depsipeptide biosynthesis, with functional adaptation towards biosynthesis of overlapping yet diversified metabolite profiles.
Monika Urbaniak; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Artur Trzebny; Grzegorz Koczyk; Łukasz Stępień. Cyclodepsipeptide Biosynthesis in Hypocreales Fungi and Sequence Divergence of The Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthase Genes. Pathogens 2020, 9, 552 .
AMA StyleMonika Urbaniak, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Artur Trzebny, Grzegorz Koczyk, Łukasz Stępień. Cyclodepsipeptide Biosynthesis in Hypocreales Fungi and Sequence Divergence of The Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthase Genes. Pathogens. 2020; 9 (7):552.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonika Urbaniak; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Artur Trzebny; Grzegorz Koczyk; Łukasz Stępień. 2020. "Cyclodepsipeptide Biosynthesis in Hypocreales Fungi and Sequence Divergence of The Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthase Genes." Pathogens 9, no. 7: 552.
Fusarium species are casual filamentous fungi, including opportunistic pathogens infecting plants worldwide, but also able to grow as saprotrophs in a range of climatic zones. The genus is extremely variable in terms of genetics, biology, ecology, and, consequently, secondary metabolism, which directly relates to ecological conditions and niches occupied by individual species. Fungal secondary metabolites are the main “weapon” of the pathogenic species before, during, and after the infection process, allowing for the communication with the organism that is being attacked. Many of secondary metabolites are common for diverse fungal microorganisms, and their mode of action is similar for various plant-pathogen systems. Fusaria are able to produce a range of quite specific metabolites, some of which have yet unknown biological functions. Nevertheless, genetic and biochemical pathways responsible for their biosynthesis remain under strong selection pressure, which keeps their structures and functions relatively stable, regardless of the producing organism. Here, we summarize the data available in recent literature reports on genetic and biochemical diversity occurring in the studies of main secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium species differing in origin and ecology.
Łukasz Stępień; Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska; Natalia Witaszak; Monika Urbaniak. Fusarium Secondary Metabolism Biosynthetic Pathways: So Close but So Far Away. Reference Series in Phytochemistry 2020, 211 -247.
AMA StyleŁukasz Stępień, Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska, Natalia Witaszak, Monika Urbaniak. Fusarium Secondary Metabolism Biosynthetic Pathways: So Close but So Far Away. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. 2020; ():211-247.
Chicago/Turabian StyleŁukasz Stępień; Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska; Natalia Witaszak; Monika Urbaniak. 2020. "Fusarium Secondary Metabolism Biosynthetic Pathways: So Close but So Far Away." Reference Series in Phytochemistry , no. : 211-247.
A wide range of pet food types are available on the market; the dominant type is dry food formulated in croquets. One of the most common ingredients of dry food are cereals—vectors of harmful mycotoxins posing the risk to pet health. In this study, 38 cat and dog dry food samples available on the Polish market were investigated. Morphological and molecular methods were applied to identify fungal genera present in pet food. Quantification of ergosterol and Fusarium mycotoxins: Fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and zearalenone were performed using high performance liquid chromatography. Obtained results indicated five genera of mycotoxigenic fungi: Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Penicillium sp., and Fusarium sp., including Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum. Ergosterol and mycotoxins of interest were detected in both cat and dog food samples in the amounts ranging from 0.31 to 4.05 µg/g for ergosterol and 0.3–30.3, 1.2–618.4, 29.6–299.0, and 12.3–53.0 ng/g for zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and fumonisin B1, respectively. The conclusion is the presence of mycotoxins in levels much lower than recommended by EU regulations does not eliminate the risk and caution is advised concerning that long-term daily intake of even small doses of mycotoxins can slowly damage pet’s health.
Natalia Witaszak; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Jan Bocianowski; Łukasz Stępień. Contamination of Pet Food with Mycobiota and Fusarium Mycotoxins—Focus on Dogs and Cats. Toxins 2020, 12, 130 .
AMA StyleNatalia Witaszak, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Jan Bocianowski, Łukasz Stępień. Contamination of Pet Food with Mycobiota and Fusarium Mycotoxins—Focus on Dogs and Cats. Toxins. 2020; 12 (2):130.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNatalia Witaszak; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Jan Bocianowski; Łukasz Stępień. 2020. "Contamination of Pet Food with Mycobiota and Fusarium Mycotoxins—Focus on Dogs and Cats." Toxins 12, no. 2: 130.
Investigating the in vitro fumonisin biosynthesis and the genetic structure of Fusarium verticillioides populations can provide important insights into the relationships between strains originating from various world regions. In this study, 90 F. verticillioides strains isolated from maize in five Mediterranean countries (Italy, Spain, Tunisia, Egypt and Iran) were analyzed to investigate their ability to in vitro biosynthesize fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2 and fumonisin B3 and to characterize their genetic profile. In general, 80% of the analyzed strains were able to biosynthesize fumonisins (range 0.03–69.84 μg/g). Populations from Italy, Spain, Tunisia and Iran showed a similar percentage of fumonisin producing strains (>90%); conversely, the Egyptian population showed a lower level of producing strains (46%). Significant differences in fumonisin biosynthesis were detected among strains isolated in the same country and among strains isolated from different countries. A portion of the divergent FUM1 gene and of intergenic regions FUM6-FUM7 and FUM7-FUM8 were sequenced to evaluate strain diversity among populations. A high level of genetic uniformity inside the populations analyzed was detected. Apparently, neither geographical origin nor fumonisin production ability were correlated to the genetic diversity of the strain set. However, four strains from Egypt differed from the remaining strains.
Giovanni Beccari; Łukasz Stępień; Andrea Onofri; Veronica M. T. Lattanzio; Biancamaria Ciasca; Sally I. Abd-El Fatah; Francesco Valente; Monika Urbaniak; Lorenzo Covarelli. In Vitro Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Genetic Structure of Fusarium verticillioides Strains from Five Mediterranean Countries. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 241 .
AMA StyleGiovanni Beccari, Łukasz Stępień, Andrea Onofri, Veronica M. T. Lattanzio, Biancamaria Ciasca, Sally I. Abd-El Fatah, Francesco Valente, Monika Urbaniak, Lorenzo Covarelli. In Vitro Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Genetic Structure of Fusarium verticillioides Strains from Five Mediterranean Countries. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (2):241.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiovanni Beccari; Łukasz Stępień; Andrea Onofri; Veronica M. T. Lattanzio; Biancamaria Ciasca; Sally I. Abd-El Fatah; Francesco Valente; Monika Urbaniak; Lorenzo Covarelli. 2020. "In Vitro Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Genetic Structure of Fusarium verticillioides Strains from Five Mediterranean Countries." Microorganisms 8, no. 2: 241.
Asparagus is a genus consisting of over two hundred species of perennial plants. Fusarium proliferatum is a major asparagus pathogen and it biosynthesizes a variety of mycotoxins, of which fumonisins B are prevalent. Our previous studies on F. proliferatum strains indicated that asparagus extract affects the expression of FUM1 gene, encoding polyketide synthase, a key enzyme of the FUM gene cluster governing the biosynthesis of fumonisins. An asparagus-derived F. proliferatum strain increased fumonisin B1 production after extract fractions’ addition, reaching the maximum 2 or 24 h after treatment. The cultures yielded between 40 and 520 mg of dry weight of mycelia after 14 days of cultivation. The differences in fungal biomass amounts between the whole extract and its fractions may result from synergistic effect of all bioactive compounds present in asparagus extract. Among extract fractions, the methanolic fraction had the highest effect on the dry weight of the mycelium reaching about a 13-fold increase compared to the control. Furthermore, we measured the relative expression of the FUM1 gene. Due to the possible antifungal activity of tested extract fractions, future research will be focused on the identification of the Asparagus officinalis L. compounds responsible for this activity.
Natalia Witaszak; Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Łukasz Stępień. The Impacts of Asparagus Extract Fractions on Growth and Fumonisins Biosynthesis in Fusarium Proliferatum. Toxins 2020, 12, 95 .
AMA StyleNatalia Witaszak, Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, Łukasz Stępień. The Impacts of Asparagus Extract Fractions on Growth and Fumonisins Biosynthesis in Fusarium Proliferatum. Toxins. 2020; 12 (2):95.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNatalia Witaszak; Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz; Łukasz Stępień. 2020. "The Impacts of Asparagus Extract Fractions on Growth and Fumonisins Biosynthesis in Fusarium Proliferatum." Toxins 12, no. 2: 95.
Pathogens belonging to the Fusarium genus are causal agents of the most significant crop diseases worldwide. Virtually all Fusarium species synthesize toxic secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins; however, the roles of mycotoxins are not yet fully understood. To understand how a fungal partner alters its lifestyle to assimilate with the plant host remains a challenge. The review presented the mechanisms of mycotoxin biosynthesis in the Fusarium genus under various environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature, moisture content, and nitrogen source. It also concentrated on plant metabolic pathways and cytogenetic changes that are influenced as a consequence of mycotoxin confrontations. Moreover, we looked through special secondary metabolite production and mycotoxins specific for some significant fungal pathogens-plant host models. Plant strategies of avoiding the Fusarium mycotoxins were also discussed. Finally, we outlined the studies on the potential of plant secondary metabolites in defense reaction to Fusarium infection.
Lakshmipriya Perincherry; Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska; Łukasz Stępień. Fusarium-Produced Mycotoxins in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Toxins 2019, 11, 664 .
AMA StyleLakshmipriya Perincherry, Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska, Łukasz Stępień. Fusarium-Produced Mycotoxins in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Toxins. 2019; 11 (11):664.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLakshmipriya Perincherry; Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska; Łukasz Stępień. 2019. "Fusarium-Produced Mycotoxins in Plant-Pathogen Interactions." Toxins 11, no. 11: 664.
Adel Abdel-Razek; Mohamed G Shehata; Ahmed Badr; Karolina Gromadzka; Łukasz Stępień; Adel Abdel-Razek. The Effect of Chemical Composition of Wild Opuntia Ficus Indica Byproducts on its Nutritional Quality, Antioxidant and Antifungal Efficacy. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleAdel Abdel-Razek, Mohamed G Shehata, Ahmed Badr, Karolina Gromadzka, Łukasz Stępień, Adel Abdel-Razek. The Effect of Chemical Composition of Wild Opuntia Ficus Indica Byproducts on its Nutritional Quality, Antioxidant and Antifungal Efficacy. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdel Abdel-Razek; Mohamed G Shehata; Ahmed Badr; Karolina Gromadzka; Łukasz Stępień; Adel Abdel-Razek. 2019. "The Effect of Chemical Composition of Wild Opuntia Ficus Indica Byproducts on its Nutritional Quality, Antioxidant and Antifungal Efficacy." Egyptian Journal of Chemistry , no. : 1.
In this review we summarize the findings reported recently concerning molecular studies and biotechnological approaches to utilize natural properties of methanotrophs in the efforts to minimize human influence on the environment. Most important enzymatic mechanisms were described, along with the groups of microorganisms responsible for these. Moreover, genetic tools designed to improve the efficiency of methanotrophs have been presented including modern gene-editing, systems and synthetic biology, as well as the metabolic modelling methods. Additionally, practical problems in the application of effective processes in large scale were shown, including slow growth and low cell density of cultured methanotrophs. Finally, the microbiological electrochemical technologies, such as direct energy generation (microbiological fuel cells or MFC), bioelectrochemical systems (BES), microbiological electrochemical systems (MES) are discussed.
Agnieszka Kasprzycka; Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska; Anna Walkiewicz; Piotr Bulak; Kinga Proc; Łukasz Stępień. Biocatalytic conversion of methane – selected aspects. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 2019, 26, 28 -32.
AMA StyleAgnieszka Kasprzycka, Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska, Anna Walkiewicz, Piotr Bulak, Kinga Proc, Łukasz Stępień. Biocatalytic conversion of methane – selected aspects. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. 2019; 26 ():28-32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgnieszka Kasprzycka; Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska; Anna Walkiewicz; Piotr Bulak; Kinga Proc; Łukasz Stępień. 2019. "Biocatalytic conversion of methane – selected aspects." Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 26, no. : 28-32.
Beauvericin is a depsipeptide mycotoxin. The production of several beauvericin analogues has previously been shown among various genera among Hypocreales fungi. This includes so-called beauvenniatins, in which one or more N-methyl-phenylalanine residues is exchanged with other amino acids. In addition, a range of "unnatural" beauvericins has been prepared by a precursor addition to growth medium. Our aim was to get insight into the natural production of beauvericin analogues among different Hypocreales fungi, such as Fusarium and Isaria spp. In addition to beauvericin, we tentatively identified six earlier described analogues in the extracts; these were beauvericin A and/or its structural isomer beauvericin F, beauvericin C, beauvericin J, beauvericin D, and beauvenniatin A. Other analogues contained at least one additional oxygen atom. We show that the additional oxygen atom(s) were due to the presence of one to three N-methyl-tyrosine moieties in the depsipeptide molecules by using different liquid chromatography⁻mass spectrometry-based approaches. In addition, we also tentatively identified a beauvenniatin that contained N-methyl-leucine, which we named beauvenniatin L. This compound has not been reported before. Our data show that N-methyl-tyrosine containing beauvericins may be among the major naturally produced analogues in certain fungal strains.
Monika Urbaniak; Łukasz Stępień; Silvio Uhlig. Evidence for Naturally Produced Beauvericins Containing N-Methyl-Tyrosine in Hypocreales Fungi. Toxins 2019, 11, 182 .
AMA StyleMonika Urbaniak, Łukasz Stępień, Silvio Uhlig. Evidence for Naturally Produced Beauvericins Containing N-Methyl-Tyrosine in Hypocreales Fungi. Toxins. 2019; 11 (3):182.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonika Urbaniak; Łukasz Stępień; Silvio Uhlig. 2019. "Evidence for Naturally Produced Beauvericins Containing N-Methyl-Tyrosine in Hypocreales Fungi." Toxins 11, no. 3: 182.
Veterinary diets are intended for diseased animals and may contain cereal grains, mainly maize and/or wheat. These, in turn, are often infected with pathogens of the Fusarium genus, which are able to produce numerous harmful mycotoxins. Forty-two samples of veterinary diets for dogs and cats were analyzed for the presence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins. Species were identified using molecular methods and the ergosterol and mycotoxins (fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone) were quantified using HPLC methods. Two Fusarium species were identified: Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioides. The highest concentrations of fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone were 74.83, 2318.05, 190.90, and 45.84 ng/g, respectively. Only 9.5% of the samples were free from Fusarium mycotoxins. The acceptable limits of mycotoxin content in animal feed, specified by the EU regulations, were not exceeded in any of the samples tested. The mean mycotoxin content in veterinary diets for cats was lower than for dogs. Thus, it is recommended that veterinary diets are examined, since the mycotoxin contamination pose additional risk to animal health. The knowledge on Fusarium occurrence in veterinary diets is scarce and as far as we are aware this is the first report concerning the occurrence of Fusarium spp. and their important secondary metabolites—mycotoxins—in different types of veterinary diets for companion animals in Poland.
Natalia Witaszak; Łukasz Stępień; Jan Bocianowski; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz. Fusarium Species and Mycotoxins Contaminating Veterinary Diets for Dogs and Cats. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 26 .
AMA StyleNatalia Witaszak, Łukasz Stępień, Jan Bocianowski, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz. Fusarium Species and Mycotoxins Contaminating Veterinary Diets for Dogs and Cats. Microorganisms. 2019; 7 (1):26.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNatalia Witaszak; Łukasz Stępień; Jan Bocianowski; Agnieszka Waśkiewicz. 2019. "Fusarium Species and Mycotoxins Contaminating Veterinary Diets for Dogs and Cats." Microorganisms 7, no. 1: 26.
Ear rot is an insidious disease of maize caused by Fusarium spp. and can reduce yield and quality of harvested grain, mainly because of its contamination with mycotoxins produced by some fungi. Depending on weather conditions, ear rot can be caused by F. graminearum and fungi belonging to Liseola section: F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and F. temperatum. Recently, the frequency of occurrence of F. temperatum increased in the populations of Fusarium spp. existing in Poland. Based on the results obtained from the carried out studies, it can be concluded that F. temperatum could be more aggressive than other species from Liseola section. Fuzarioza kolb kukurydzy powodowana przez grzyby z rodzaju Fusarium spp. wpływa ujemnie na wielkość plonu, jak i na jego jakość, a metabolity wtórne wytwarzane przez te grzyby powodują groźne choroby ludzi i zwierząt. Obecnie, w zależności od przebiegu warunków atmosferycznych, sprawcami fuzariozy kolb są: Fusarium graminearum oraz grzyby z sekcji Liseola: F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans i jego gatunek siostrzany – F. temperatum. Gatunek F. temperatum występuje na terenie Polski z coraz większą częstością. Jak wykazano w bieżących badaniach, może być bardziej agresywny niż inne gatunki należące do sekcji Liseola.
Elżbieta Czembor; Seweryn Frasiński; Łukasz Stępień. Response of maize genotypes to the infection by selected Fusarium isolates from Liseola section. Progress in Plant Protection 2019, 58, 81 -86.
AMA StyleElżbieta Czembor, Seweryn Frasiński, Łukasz Stępień. Response of maize genotypes to the infection by selected Fusarium isolates from Liseola section. Progress in Plant Protection. 2019; 58 (2):81-86.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElżbieta Czembor; Seweryn Frasiński; Łukasz Stępień. 2019. "Response of maize genotypes to the infection by selected Fusarium isolates from Liseola section." Progress in Plant Protection 58, no. 2: 81-86.
Winter wheat lines were evaluated for their reaction to Fusarium head blight (FHB) after inoculation with Fusarium culmorum in two field experiments. A mixture of two F. culmorum chemotypes was applied (3ADON—deoxynivalenol producing, NIV—nivalenol producing). Different types of resistance were evaluated, including head infection, kernel damage, Fusarium biomass content and trichothecenes B (deoxynivalenol (DON), and nivalenol (NIV)) accumulation in grain. The aim of the study was to find relationships between different types of resistance. Head infection (FHB index) and Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) were visually scored. Fusarium biomass was analysed using real-time PCR. Trichothecenes B accumulation was analysed using gas chromatography. Wheat lines differ in their reaction to inoculation for all parameters describing FHB resistance. We found a wide variability of FHB indexes, FDK, and Fusarium biomass content. Both toxins were present. DON content was about 60% higher than NIV and variability of this proportion between lines was observed. Significant correlation was found between head infection symptoms and FDK. Head infection was correlated with F. culmorum biomass and NIV concentration in grain. No correlation was found between the FHB index and DON concentration. Similarly, FDK was not correlated with DON content, but it was with NIV content; however, the coefficients were higher than for the FHB index. Fusarium biomass amount was positively correlated with both toxins as well as with the FHB index and FDK. Environmental conditions significantly influenced the DON/NIV ratio in grain. In locations where less F. culmorum biomass was detected, the DON amount was higher than NIV, while in locations where more F. culmorum biomass was observed, NIV prevailed over DON.
Tomasz Góral; Halina Wiśniewska; Piotr Ochodzki; Linda Kærgaard Nielsen; Dorota Walentyn-Góral; Łukasz Stępień. Relationship between Fusarium Head Blight, Kernel Damage, Concentration of Fusarium Biomass, and Fusarium Toxins in Grain of Winter Wheat Inoculated with Fusarium culmorum. Toxins 2018, 11, 2 .
AMA StyleTomasz Góral, Halina Wiśniewska, Piotr Ochodzki, Linda Kærgaard Nielsen, Dorota Walentyn-Góral, Łukasz Stępień. Relationship between Fusarium Head Blight, Kernel Damage, Concentration of Fusarium Biomass, and Fusarium Toxins in Grain of Winter Wheat Inoculated with Fusarium culmorum. Toxins. 2018; 11 (1):2.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomasz Góral; Halina Wiśniewska; Piotr Ochodzki; Linda Kærgaard Nielsen; Dorota Walentyn-Góral; Łukasz Stępień. 2018. "Relationship between Fusarium Head Blight, Kernel Damage, Concentration of Fusarium Biomass, and Fusarium Toxins in Grain of Winter Wheat Inoculated with Fusarium culmorum." Toxins 11, no. 1: 2.
Fusarium species are casual filamentous fungi, including opportunistic pathogens infecting plants worldwide, but also able to grow as saprotrophs in a range of climatic zones. The genus is extremely variable in terms of genetics, biology, ecology, and, consequently, secondary metabolism, which directly relates to ecological conditions and niches occupied by individual species. Fungal secondary metabolites are the main “weapon” of the pathogenic species before, during, and after the infection process, allowing for the communication with the organism that is being attacked. Many of secondary metabolites are common for diverse fungal microorganisms, and their mode of action is similar for various plant-pathogen systems. Fusaria are able to produce a range of quite specific metabolites, some of which have yet unknown biological functions. Nevertheless, genetic and biochemical pathways responsible for their biosynthesis remain under strong selection pressure, which keeps their structures and functions relatively stable, regardless of the producing organism. Here, we summarize the data available in recent literature reports on genetic and biochemical diversity occurring in the studies of main secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium species differing in origin and ecology.
Łukasz Stępień; Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska; Natalia Witaszak; Monika Urbaniak. Fusarium Secondary Metabolism Biosynthetic Pathways: So Close but So Far Away. Reference Series in Phytochemistry 2018, 1 -37.
AMA StyleŁukasz Stępień, Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska, Natalia Witaszak, Monika Urbaniak. Fusarium Secondary Metabolism Biosynthetic Pathways: So Close but So Far Away. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. 2018; ():1-37.
Chicago/Turabian StyleŁukasz Stępień; Justyna Lalak-Kańczugowska; Natalia Witaszak; Monika Urbaniak. 2018. "Fusarium Secondary Metabolism Biosynthetic Pathways: So Close but So Far Away." Reference Series in Phytochemistry , no. : 1-37.