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Sara Anvari
Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, 1102 Bates Avenue, Ste. 330, Houston, TX, USA

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Journal article
Published: 15 February 2021 in Journal of Immunological Methods
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An integrated understanding of the functional capacities of cells in the context of their physical parameters and molecular markers is increasingly demanded in immunologic studies. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subpopulation of T cells involved in immune response modulation and mediating tolerance to self-antigen with their absence leading to a loss of tolerance. Glycoprotein repetitions A predominant (GARP) is a key marker for activated Tregs, but its detection may also be useful in determining the functional capacities of the cell. This study aims to deduce the optimal stimulation period and the impact of protein transport inhibitors (PTIs), commonly used in the detection of intracellular cytokines, on GARP detection. Through flow cytometric analysis we analyzed different cell culture conditions for optimal GARP expression on activated Tregs. Healthy donor PBMCs were stimulated with either Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) or PMA/Ionomycin (PMA/Iono), in the presence and absence of PTIs monensin and/or brefeldin A (BFA) and GARP expression was assessed on CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Tregs. The optimal stimulation period for the detection of GARP was highest at 24-h. Furthermore, we determined that GARP expression on Tregs is significantly reduced when cells are treated with the PTIs monensin and/or BFA following PMA/Iono stimulation. This effect was not seen following SEB stimulation. Therefore, due to the effects of PTIs, alternative methods should be considered when performing simultaneous analysis for cytokine expression and GARP expression on Tregs.

ACS Style

Sara Anvari; Kimberly Schuster; Andrea Grimbergen; Carla M. Davis; George Makedonas. Attenuation of GARP expression on regulatory T cells by protein transport inhibitors. Journal of Immunological Methods 2021, 492, 112998 .

AMA Style

Sara Anvari, Kimberly Schuster, Andrea Grimbergen, Carla M. Davis, George Makedonas. Attenuation of GARP expression on regulatory T cells by protein transport inhibitors. Journal of Immunological Methods. 2021; 492 ():112998.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Anvari; Kimberly Schuster; Andrea Grimbergen; Carla M. Davis; George Makedonas. 2021. "Attenuation of GARP expression on regulatory T cells by protein transport inhibitors." Journal of Immunological Methods 492, no. : 112998.

Review
Published: 29 May 2020 in Journal of Fungi
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Filamentous fungi of the Aspergillus genus and others have long been linked to the induction of type 2 immunity that underlies IgE-mediated hypersensitivity responses. This unique immune response is characterized by the production of the allergy-associated T helper cell type 2 (Th2) and Th17 cytokines interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-13, and IL-17 that drive IgE, eosinophilia, airway hyperresponsiveness and other manifestations of asthma. Proteinases secreted by filamentous fungi promote type 2 immunity, but the mechanism by which this occurs has long remained obscure. Through detailed biochemical analysis of household dust, microbiological dissection of human airway secretions, and extensive modeling in mice, our laboratory has assembled a detailed mechanistic description of how type 2 immunity evolves after exposure to fungi. In this review we summarize three key discoveries: (1) fungal proteinases drive the type 2 immune response; (2) the relationship between fungi, proteinases, and type 2 immunity is explained by airway mycosis, a form of non-invasive fungal infection of the airway lumen; and (3) the innate component of proteinase-driven type 2 immunity is mediated by cleavage of the clotting protein fibrinogen. Despite these advances, additional work is required to understand how Th2 and Th17 responses evolve and the role that non-filamentous fungi potentially play in allergic diseases.

ACS Style

John Morgan Knight; Yifan Wu; Kelsey Mauk; Jill Weatherhead; Sara Anvari; Farrah Kheradmand; David B. Corry. Airway Mycosis and the Regulation of Type 2 Immunity. Journal of Fungi 2020, 6, 74 .

AMA Style

John Morgan Knight, Yifan Wu, Kelsey Mauk, Jill Weatherhead, Sara Anvari, Farrah Kheradmand, David B. Corry. Airway Mycosis and the Regulation of Type 2 Immunity. Journal of Fungi. 2020; 6 (2):74.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Morgan Knight; Yifan Wu; Kelsey Mauk; Jill Weatherhead; Sara Anvari; Farrah Kheradmand; David B. Corry. 2020. "Airway Mycosis and the Regulation of Type 2 Immunity." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 2: 74.

Review
Published: 26 May 2020 in Children
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Food allergies are common and estimated to affect 8% of children and 11% of adults in the United States. They pose a significant burden—physical, economic and social—to those affected. There is currently no available cure for food allergies. Emerging evidence suggests that the microbiome contributes to the development and manifestations of atopic disease. According to the hygiene hypothesis, children growing up with older siblings have a lower incidence of allergic disease compared with children from smaller families, due to their early exposure to microbes in the home. Research has also demonstrated that certain environmental exposures, such as a farming environment, during early life are associated with a diverse bacterial experience and reduced risk of allergic sensitization. Dysregulation in the homeostatic interaction between the host and the microbiome or gut dysbiosis appears to precede the development of food allergy, and the timing of such dysbiosis is critical. The microbiome affects food tolerance via the secretion of microbial metabolites (e.g., short chain fatty acids) and the expression of microbial cellular components. Understanding the biology of the microbiome and how it interacts with the host to maintain gut homeostasis is helpful in developing smarter therapeutic approaches. There are ongoing trials evaluating the benefits of probiotics and prebiotics, for the prevention and treatment of atopic diseases to correct the dysbiosis. However, the routine use of probiotics as an intervention for preventing allergic disease is not currently recommended. A new approach in microbial intervention is to attempt a more general modification of the gut microbiome, such as with fecal microbiota transplantation. Developing targeted bacterial therapies for food allergy may be promising for both the treatment and prevention of food allergy. Similarly, fecal microbiota transplantation is being explored as a potentially beneficial interventional approach. Overall, targeted bacterial therapies for food allergy may be promising for both the treatment and prevention of food allergy.

ACS Style

Christina L. Nance; Roman Deniskin; Veronica C. Diaz; Misu Paul; Sara Anvari; Aikaterini Anagnostou. The Role of the Microbiome in Food Allergy: A Review. Children 2020, 7, 50 .

AMA Style

Christina L. Nance, Roman Deniskin, Veronica C. Diaz, Misu Paul, Sara Anvari, Aikaterini Anagnostou. The Role of the Microbiome in Food Allergy: A Review. Children. 2020; 7 (6):50.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christina L. Nance; Roman Deniskin; Veronica C. Diaz; Misu Paul; Sara Anvari; Aikaterini Anagnostou. 2020. "The Role of the Microbiome in Food Allergy: A Review." Children 7, no. 6: 50.

Letter to the editor
Published: 11 February 2020 in Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
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Peanut allergy rates have nearly tripled in the last decade. Initial guidelines, promoting avoidance of allergenic foods in infants had no effect on the rising prevalence of food allergies and the recommendations were reversed based on new evidence

ACS Style

Mansi James; Sara Anvari; Aikaterini Anagnostou. Development of peanut allergy despite early introduction: A real‐world case series in the United States. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2020, 31, 589 -592.

AMA Style

Mansi James, Sara Anvari, Aikaterini Anagnostou. Development of peanut allergy despite early introduction: A real‐world case series in the United States. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2020; 31 (5):589-592.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mansi James; Sara Anvari; Aikaterini Anagnostou. 2020. "Development of peanut allergy despite early introduction: A real‐world case series in the United States." Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 31, no. 5: 589-592.

Letter to the editor
Published: 25 November 2019 in Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
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Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) is an immune‐mediated inflammatory condition characterized clinically by esophageal dysfunction and evidence of ≥15 eosinophils per high power field on esophageal biopsy.1 EoE is reportedly triggered by food and/or environmental allergens. Treatments include topical corticosteroids, proton‐pump inhibitors, or dietary avoidance measures. Currently, noninvasive tests such as skin prick test (SPT), atopy patch test (APT), and specific serum IgE (sIgE) are utilized by clinicians to identify potential offending allergens in their EoE patients.

ACS Style

Jessica Lee; Christopher Frey; Jennifer Miller; Charles Minard; Munazza Noor; Aikaterini Anagnostou; Anthony Olive; Carla M. Davis; Sara Anvari. Skin testing with different food formulations in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2019, 31, 329 -332.

AMA Style

Jessica Lee, Christopher Frey, Jennifer Miller, Charles Minard, Munazza Noor, Aikaterini Anagnostou, Anthony Olive, Carla M. Davis, Sara Anvari. Skin testing with different food formulations in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2019; 31 (3):329-332.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jessica Lee; Christopher Frey; Jennifer Miller; Charles Minard; Munazza Noor; Aikaterini Anagnostou; Anthony Olive; Carla M. Davis; Sara Anvari. 2019. "Skin testing with different food formulations in pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis." Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 31, no. 3: 329-332.

Letter to the editor
Published: 09 April 2019 in Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
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Etoposide is a podophyllotoxin used in the treatment of various pediatric neoplasms. Hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) to etoposide have a reported incidence of about 1‐3%, with symptoms ranging from mild cutaneous reactions to fatal anaphylaxis.1‐2 HSR to etoposide are thought to be related to the vehicle used to dissolve etoposide, polysorbate 80, rather than the drug.3 In an animal model, polysorbate 80 has been shown to cause HSR, given its histamine‐releasing properties.4 Patients experiencing HSR to etoposide may have their treatment substituted with etoposide phosphate, a water‐soluble prodrug of etoposide which does not contain polysorbate 80. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Tara E. Wright; Mona D. Shah; Nicholas L. Rider; Tim J. Porea; Matthew A. Musick; Jennifer Miller; Marla Daves; Jennifer H. Foster; Sara Anvari. A case series of pediatric oncology patients undergoing successful rapid etoposide desensitization. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2019, 30, 579 -582.

AMA Style

Tara E. Wright, Mona D. Shah, Nicholas L. Rider, Tim J. Porea, Matthew A. Musick, Jennifer Miller, Marla Daves, Jennifer H. Foster, Sara Anvari. A case series of pediatric oncology patients undergoing successful rapid etoposide desensitization. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2019; 30 (5):579-582.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tara E. Wright; Mona D. Shah; Nicholas L. Rider; Tim J. Porea; Matthew A. Musick; Jennifer Miller; Marla Daves; Jennifer H. Foster; Sara Anvari. 2019. "A case series of pediatric oncology patients undergoing successful rapid etoposide desensitization." Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 30, no. 5: 579-582.

Review
Published: 05 February 2019 in Children
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The prevalence of allergic disorders has been increasing worldwide and significantly impacts the quality of life of the atopic individual. There has been an increased interest in the role of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of allergic disorders, given the recent evidence that atopy risk may be associated with a dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. Research in this area is ongoing with some studies showing possible benefits of probiotics, with seemingly little to no risk. While these studies suggest that there may be a promise in probiotic use for the prevention or treatment of allergy, further evidence is needed to determine its efficacy, optimal dosing, and strains needed for treatment. In this review, we discuss recently published studies examining the benefits, risks, and role of probiotics in preventing atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy.

ACS Style

Helen Wang; Sara Anvari; Katherine Anagnostou. The Role of Probiotics in Preventing Allergic Disease. Children 2019, 6, 24 .

AMA Style

Helen Wang, Sara Anvari, Katherine Anagnostou. The Role of Probiotics in Preventing Allergic Disease. Children. 2019; 6 (2):24.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Helen Wang; Sara Anvari; Katherine Anagnostou. 2019. "The Role of Probiotics in Preventing Allergic Disease." Children 6, no. 2: 24.

Review
Published: 04 April 2018 in Children
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Food allergies are on the rise and have a major impact on the quality of life of the food allergic child and their family. Currently, the mainstream treatment for food allergies is strict avoidance and elimination of the allergenic food(s) from the patient’s diet in order to prevent an allergic reaction. However, recent advances in research have presented new therapeutic options for food allergic patients that are potentially becoming promising alternatives to traditional treatment. Food immunotherapy is the most popular of these new emerging interventions and has been studied intensively over the last decade for various foods. In this review, we discuss this exciting new development that is aspiring to become part of the mainstream therapy for food allergy.

ACS Style

Sara Anvari; Katherine Anagnostou. The Nuts and Bolts of Food Immunotherapy: The Future of Food Allergy. Children 2018, 5, 47 .

AMA Style

Sara Anvari, Katherine Anagnostou. The Nuts and Bolts of Food Immunotherapy: The Future of Food Allergy. Children. 2018; 5 (4):47.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Anvari; Katherine Anagnostou. 2018. "The Nuts and Bolts of Food Immunotherapy: The Future of Food Allergy." Children 5, no. 4: 47.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2017 in Journal of Immunological Methods
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Modern immunologic studies demand increasing complexity because of a need to improve our understanding of the relationship between a cell's phenotype and its function. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been defined by a narrow set of phenotypic markers, however their actual functional capacity has not been determined at the single-cell level. Although the lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3; CD223) is a key marker for the identification of exhausted T cells, it may be useful also in resolving Treg subpopulations by indicating distinct functional breadths. Here we define the experimental conditions necessary for the optimal detection by flow cytometry of LAG-3 expression on activated Tregs. We stimulated human PBMCs with either PMA/ionomycin or Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) and analyzed CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs for LAG-3 expression in concert with other Treg phenotypic markers. We prescribe a 24-hour stimulation period for the optimal detection of LAG-3 on Tregs. Furthermore, we determine LAG-3 protein expression on Tregs is compromised when the cells are treated with brefeldin A (BFA) and monensin. Therefore, the simultaneous assessment of Treg phenotype and function is complicated by the use of protein transport inhibitors.

ACS Style

Sara Anvari; Andrea Grimbergen; Carla M. Davis; George Makedonas. Protein transport inhibitors downregulate the expression of LAG-3 on regulatory T cells. Journal of Immunological Methods 2017, 447, 47 -51.

AMA Style

Sara Anvari, Andrea Grimbergen, Carla M. Davis, George Makedonas. Protein transport inhibitors downregulate the expression of LAG-3 on regulatory T cells. Journal of Immunological Methods. 2017; 447 ():47-51.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sara Anvari; Andrea Grimbergen; Carla M. Davis; George Makedonas. 2017. "Protein transport inhibitors downregulate the expression of LAG-3 on regulatory T cells." Journal of Immunological Methods 447, no. : 47-51.