Teratomas are neoplasms arising from germ cells and encompass tissues derived from two or more embryonic germ layers, including ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These tumours typically localize along the midline or in paramedian positions and can manifest as gonadal (20%) or extragonadal (80%) entities. Although gonadal teratomas are uncommon, they represent the predominant type of gonadal tumour in the paediatric population. They comprise approximately 20–25% of all ovarian tumours in females and about 3–5% of all testicular tumours in males. Ovarian teratomas exhibit a higher incidence in early childhood and adolescence, whereas testicular teratomas are more prevalent during the first three months of life and between the ages of 15 and 19. While the majority of paediatric gonadal teratomas are benign, malignant or mixed variants may also arise, necessitating more aggressive therapeutic interventions.

Chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) are changes in the number or structure of chromosomes, manifested as alterations in the total number of chromosomes or as structural abnormalities involving the loss, duplication, or rearrangement of chromosomal segments. CAs can be inherited or can occur spontaneously, leading to congenital malformations and genetic diseases. CAs associated with cardiovascular diseases cause structural or functional alterations of the heart, affecting the cardiac chambers, valves, coronary arteries, aorta, and cardiac conduction, thus increasing the likelihood of arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and sudden cardiac death (SCD). An early diagnosis and the adequate management of chromosomal abnormalities associated with cardiovascular diseases are essential to prevent SCD, which is a serious public health problem today. In our review, we analyzed the structural and functional CAs responsible for congenital heart disease (CHD) that increase the risk of SCD and analyzed the prevention strategies to be implemented to reduce SCD.

Primary Fallopian tube carcinomas (PFTCs) are rare malignancies that are often misclassified as ovarian cancers due to overlapping clinical and pathological features. This frequent misdiagnosis contributes to the under-recognition of PFTCs, which account for a larger proportion of pelvic malignancies than historically reported. The central aim of this literature review is to highlight the critical importance of and methods for achieving an early diagnosis of Fallopian tube cancer, to improve patient outcomes. We classify benign and malignant fallopian tube neoplasms and evaluate the essential role of clinical evaluation and advanced imaging techniques, considering especially ultrasound, MRI, and PET-CT, in achieving an accurate and timely diagnosis. While histopathology remains the gold standard, imaging is pivotal for differentiating benign from malignant tubal lesions. This review details clinical manifestations, diagnostic pitfalls, and the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach to management. We conclude that advancing early detection through refined diagnostic criteria is essential to guiding effective, patient-specific therapeutic interventions.