Although more efficient and economical processes for the treatment of sewage have been developed in recent years, the challenge they are facing - due to the greater knowledge of the effect that pollutants have on the environment, the greater consumption of water because of the development of human and industrial activity and the reduction of fresh water sources- indicate that we are far from attaining the final solution. This affirmation specially applies to the pollutants which are resistant to biological treatment processes, such as most of the aromatic compounds found in sewage of the petrochemical industries. In this document, the processes known as advanced oxidation will be explored. Theses have been reported as having the greatest potential in the treatment of these pollutants. Likewise the results of the application of these technologies with waters typical of the petroleum industry will be reported. These have previously been evaluated with processes of typical ozonization.

This study presents a comprehensive experimental evaluation of pure methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) adsorption on organic-rich shale samples from the Cesar-Ranchería Basin, Colombia. Adsorption isotherms were measured at two temperatures (50 °C and 80 °C) and up to 3 MPa using a manometric method. The data were fitted using the Langmuir model. The samples exhibit high total organic carbon (TOC) contents, ranging from 33.44% to 69.63%, but surprisingly low BET surface areas (1–7 m²/g), an uncommon combination in shale systems. Despite these low surface areas, the samples showed notable adsorption capacities, particularly for CO₂, which consistently outperformed CH₄ across all conditions. Maximum CO₂ adsorption capacities reached up to 1.6 mol/kg, while CH₄ values peaked at 0.49 mol/kg. The Langmuir parameters reflect a stronger affinity and greater capacity for CO₂, supporting its potential role in enhanced gas recovery and CO₂ sequestration. These findings contribute to understanding gas–shale interactions in thermally immature and highly organic-rich formations and highlight the importance of mineralogy and organic matter characteristics beyond surface area alone. This work provides novel insights into the adsorption behavior of Colombian shales and serves as a valuable reference for future gas in-place estimations and shale reservoir evaluations in similar geological contexts.

CO2 injection is considered as an alternative method for recovering shale gas and storing CO2 permanently into the geological trap. To better understand this field, an experimental study was carried out using shale samples from the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin in Colombia to investigate the adsorption mechanism of CO2 on shales. The effect of mineral composition, total organic carbon (TOC) content and thermal maturity on CO2 adsorption capacity has been discussed. The exper-iments were carried out using the manometric method to measure the excess sorption isotherms of CO2 at 50°C and pressures up to 3.5 MPa. The results indicate that the effect of clay minerals is not very significant in the adsorption of CO2; TOC has a major contribution to the adsorption uptake. In addition, a conclusive effect of maturity needs further measurements.

This work presents an experimental study of CH₄ and CO₂ adsorption behavior on two shale rock samples from ANH-Cañaboba1 Well in the Cesar-Ranchería Basin, Colombia. Gas adsorption and desorption experiments were conducted at 50°C and 80°C across a broad pressure range (0,1 – 3 MPa) using a high-pressure manometric system. The resulting isotherms were satisfactorily fitted to the Langmuir model. Results indicate higher adsorption capacity for CO₂ at both temperatures. Notably, no hysteresis was observed, suggesting reversible physisorption dominated by accessible mesopores which the typical behavior observed in shales samples. The results highlight the key role of organic matter in gas storage and underscore the formation’s potential for CO₂ sequestration and enhanced gas recovery. This study provides an improved understanding of evaluating gas-in-place and potential for long-term gas storage and provides an experimental framework and valuable data for future research and field applications related to gas behavior in porous media.