In this Letter, we investigate the transition of the well-known Fabry–Perot (FP) and antiresonant (AR) mechanisms via a single-mode fiber (SMF)-capillary-SMF structure. The critical length for this transition is analytically found as a linear relation with the capillary inner diameter based on the ray optic method, which shows the agreement with both numerical simulations and experiments. Evolutions of the transmission and reflection spectra verify that FP and AR mechanisms are closely related to the critical length. An observed AR envelope modulated by the FP mechanism in the reflection strengthens gradually with the increase of the capillary length, which is expected to be a novel method for potential applications in multi-parameters sensing because of its combined mechanisms. The transition and critical lengths can be also found and explained using the same method in other types of AR fibers or waveguides with a hollow core.

We have proposed and demonstrated a Michelson interferometer-based fiber sensor for detecting acoustic emission generated from the partial discharge (PD) of the accessories of a high-voltage cable system. The developed sensor head is integrated with a compact and relatively high sensitivity cylindrical elastomer. Such a sensor has a broadband frequency response and a relatively high sensitivity in a harsh environment under a high-voltage electric field. The design and fabrication of the sensor head integrated with the cylindrical elastomer is described, and a series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the sensing performance. The experimental results demonstrate that the sensitivity of our developed sensor for acoustic detection of partial discharges is 1.7 $\mathrm{rad}/\left(\mathrm{m}\cdot \mathrm{Pa}\right)$ . A high frequency response up to 150 kHz is achieved. Moreover, the relatively high sensitivity for the detection of PD is verified in both the laboratory environment and gas insulated switchgear. The obtained results show the great potential application of a Michelson interferometer-based fiber sensor integrated with a cylindrical elastomer for in-situ monitoring high-voltage cable accessories for safety work.

Optical fiber microresonators have attracted considerable interest for acoustic detection because of their compact size and high optical quality. Here, we have proposed, designed, and fabricated a spring-based Fabry–Pérot cavity microresonator for highly sensitive acoustic detection. We observed two resonator vibration modes: one relating to the spring vibration state and the other determined by the point-clamped circular plate vibration mode. We found that the vibration modes can be coupled and optimized by changing the structure size. The proposed resonator is directly 3D printed on an optical fiber tip through two-photon polymerization and is used for acoustic detection and imaging. The experiments show that the device exhibits a high sensitivity and low noise equivalent acoustic signal level of 2.39 mPa/Hz^1/2 at 75 kHz that can detect weak acoustic waves, which can be used for underwater object imaging. The results demonstrate that the proposed work has great potential in acoustic detection and biomedical imaging applications.

We propose and demonstrate a tapered hollow annular core fiber (HACF) coupler for excitation of whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) of an embedded microsphere resonator. The coupler is simply fabricated by fusion splicing of a segment of HACF with the single-mode fiber (SMF), and then improved by tapering the splicing joint to reduce the cone-apex angle. Therefore, the coupling efficiency from the SMF to the HACF is enhanced to excite various WGMs via evanescent field coupling. Normal positive, negative symmetrical Lorentzian and asymmetric Fano line shapes can be obtained by varying the resonator size and location. Another interesting phenomenon is observed that a higher $Q$-factor mode in a lower $Q$-factor mode has a contrast as high as 58. Temperature sensing with good stability is also demonstrated. This embedded WGM microsphere resonator in the tapered HACF is expected to promote environmental adaptability in practical applications due to its simplicity and robustness.

In this paper, a detailed theoretical study on the characteristics of cone-shaped inwall capillary-based microsphere resonators is described and demonstrated for sensing applications. The maximum, minimum, slope, contrast, and width of the Fano resonance are analyzed. As the transmission coefficient of the capillary resonator increases, the absolute value of the slope of Fano resonances increases to reach its maximum, which is useful for sensors with an ultra-high sensitivity. There occurs another phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency when the reflectivity at the capillary–environment interface is close to 100%. We also experimentally demonstrated its capability for temperature and refractive index sensing, with a sensitivity of $10.9\mathrm{pm}/\mathrm{°C}$ and $431\mathrm{dB}/\mathrm{RIU}$ based on the Fano resonance and the Lorentzian line shape, respectively.

In this paper, we demonstrate a cone-shaped inwall coupler for excitation of the whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) of a microsphere resonator. The coupler is composed of a single mode fiber (SMF) and a capillary with an inner diameter of 5 μm. After immersing the capillary front end vertically into Hydrofluoric acid to obtain a cone inside the capillary, light in the SMF couples into the capillary efficiently while the hollow core is wide enough for a microsphere to be inserted. Because the front end face of the capillary acts as a reflector, a Fano resonance with an asymmetric line shape and a Q-factor of 2.57 × 10⁴ is observed in the reflection spectrum using a barium titanite glass microsphere with a diameter of 45 μm. The integrated resonator structure has the advantages such as the reflective type, alignment-free and mechanically robust, making it have great potential in sensing applications and optical switching.