A polymeric nanocomposite film, composed of PMMA/PVDF and different amounts of CuO NPs, was successfully prepared using the casting method to enhance its electrical conductivity. Various techniques were employed to investigate their physicochemical properties. The addition of CuO NPs causes a noticeable difference in the intensities and locations of vibrational peaks in all bands, confirming the incorporation of CuO NPs inside the PVDF/PMMA. In addition, the broadening of the peak at 2θ = 20.6° becomes more intense with increasing amounts of CuO NPs, confirming the increase in the amorphous characteristic of PMMA/PVDF incorporated with CuO NPs in comparison with PMMA/PVDF. Furthermore, the image of the polymeric structure exhibits a smoother shape and interconnection of pore structure associated with spherical particles that agglomerate and give rise to a web-like organization that becomes a matrix. Increasing surface roughness is responsible for an increasing surface area. Moreover, the addition of CuO NPs in the PMMA/PVDF leads to a decrease in the energy band gap, and further increasing the additional amounts of CuO NPs causes the generation of localized states between the valence and conduction bands. Furthermore, the dielectric investigation shows an increase in the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and electric conductivity, which may be an indication of an increase in the degree of disorder that confines the movement of charge carriers and demonstrates the creation of an interconnected percolating chain, enhancing its conductivity values compared with that without the incorporation of a matrix.

The high-quality n-type CdS on a p-type Si (111) photodetector device was prepared for the first time by a one-pot method based on an ns laser ablation method in a liquid medium. Cadmium target was ablated in DMSO solution, containing sulfur precursor, and stirred, assisting in 1D-growth, to create the sulfide structure as CdS nano-ropes form, followed by depositing on the Si-substrate by spin coating. The morphological, structural, and optical characteristics of the CdS structure were examined using X-ray diffraction, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and UV-VIS spectroscopy. From X-ray diffraction analysis, the growing CdS spheres have a good crystal nature, with a high purity and desired c-axis orientation along the (002) plane, and the crystallinity was around 30 nm. According to optical characterization, high transparency was found in the visible–near-infrared areas of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the CdS spheres have a direct optical energy band gap of 3.2 eV. After that, the CdS/Si hetero-structured device was found to be improved remarkably after adding CdS. It showed that the forward current is constantly linear, while the dark current is around 4.5 µA. Up to a bias voltage of 4 V, there was no breakdown, and the reverse current of the heterojunctions somewhat increased with reverse bias voltage, while the photocurrent reached up to 580 and 690 µA for using 15 and 30 W/cm² light power, respectively. Additionally, the ideal factors for CdS/Si heterojunction were 3.1 and 3.3 for 15 and 30 W/cm² light power, respectively. These results exhibited high performance compared to the same heterojunction produced by other techniques. In addition, this opens the route for obtaining more enhancements of these values based on the changing use of sulfide structures in the heterojunction formation.

Poly (Vinyl Alcohol(/Copper Chloride (PVA/CuCl2) composite samples have been prepared using casting method with 1, 10 and 20 wt% of CuCl2. UV-Vis spectrum of these composites is investigated in the range of 200-900 nm. The absorption spectrum of PVA showed an absorption band at 278.18 nm and a small shoulder at 313.09 nm and are assigned to pi-pi* and n-pi* transition, respectively. A localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band has been observed in the visible range at ~ 778.07 nm of the spectra of PVA/CuCl2 composite samples. It is observed that, the absorption edge of composite samples is red shifted. Moreover, pure PVA showed an indirect and direct optical energy gap of 4.71 and 5.08 eV, which decreased to 3.48 and 3.92 eV after incorporation of CuCl2, indicating a structural defect in the PVA matrix. It was also observed that with increasing CuCl2 content the values of third-order nonlinear optical sensitivity (χ(3)) as well as the nonlinear refractive index (n2) increased. These results are very encouraging for possible applications in nonlinear optical (NLO) devices. The optical dielectric constant (varepsilon'), dielectric loss (varepsilon'’) and photoconductivity have been investigated

The graft copolymerization process of polyethylene (PE) with acrylic acid is performed using a ⁶⁰Co-gamma irradiator, and the samples are irradiated at different doses, 30, 50, 70 and 100 kGy with a dose rate of 0.55 Gy/s. Global thermally stimulated discharge current (TSDC) spectrum of irradiated and non-irradiated PE-g-AAc has been investigated from RT to ∼ 440K. The TSDC spectrum of non-irradiated PE-g-AAc exhibited two relaxation processes. The first process is located at ∼ 329 K, and the second one is at ∼390 K. These processes are called dipolar and space charge relaxation, i.e. α- and ρ-relaxation, respectively. On the other hand, the position of these processes is shifted towards a higher temperature for irradiated samples. The activation energy for α-relaxation process of non-irradiated samples is ∼ 0.21 eV, while for irradiated samples, it is 0.34 eV. The thermal sampling technique (TS) has been applied to decompose the global TSDC spectrum of all samples into its elementary peaks. The molecular parameters, such as activation energy (E_a), pre-exponential factor (τ₀), enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG), are estimated for all samples. The compensation phenomenon has been verified for all samples in different ways, such as plotting ln τ₀ against E_a or entropy versus enthalpy.

The fabrication of ternary nanocomposites attracts great interest in scientific research worldwide. PVC/PMMA/AgO nanocomposites are prepared by the casting method with various proportions of AgONPs. Analysis of XRD and FTIR spectra exhibited that the structural parameters of PVC/PMMA blend have been affected with increasing nanofiller content. UV–Vis spectra analysis showed that the direct/indirect energy gap are decreased from (5.21/4.92) to (4.86/3.90) eV and the dispersion and oscillation (E_d/E_o) energies are increased from (1.186/4.437) to (73.323/13.638) eV with increasing the content of AgONPs. Linear/nonlinear optical parameters of PVC/PMMA/AgO nanocomposites are enhanced upon increasing AgONPs content. This study also showed that the antibacterial activity of PVC/PMMA/AgO nanocomposites against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, B. subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) is enhanced. Generally, PVC/PMMA/AgO nanocomposites show promising potential in the field of flexible optoelectronic devices due to the structure-dependent adjustable optical energy gap and in the medical field for their pronounced antibacterial activity.