Background and Study Aim. Motor skills are a very important ability for every student to have because they can affect their full development. However, the growth and development of elementary school-age children is likely to be influenced by environmental factors such as family, social environment, school environment. This study aims to determine differences in gross motor skills in elementary school students in lower grades in hilly and coastal areas. Material and Methods. This research includes quantitative research with a cross sectional study approach. In this study were given tests and measurements to measure gross motor skills in elementary school students using the Gross Motor Development-2 Test (TGMD-2): running tests, gallops, hops, horizontal jumps, leaps, slides, striking a stationary ball, stationary dribble, catch, kick, overhand throw, and underhand roll. The subjects in this study were male students in the lower grades of SD Negeri 38 Nanga Tayap in the hilly area and SD Negeri 27 Sungai Kakap in the coastal area. The purposive sampling technique resulted in a sample of 45 samples consisting of 21 students from hilly areas and 24 students from coastal areas. Data analysis in this study was assisted by the SPSS Version 26 application. Results. Based on these results, it can be concluded that there are significant differences in gross motor skills between students in hilly areas and coastal areas. The results also show that the gross motor skills of students in hilly areas are classified as low. These results tend to be in the Poor category. Compared to the gross motor skills of students in coastal areas which show a Very Superior dominance. Conclusions. The results of the study proved that the gross motor skills of students in hilly and coastal areas had significant differences. These findings have provided additional references regarding gross motor skills of students. This can be used as material for evaluation by teachers and sports practitioners in designing suitable programs to stimulate gross motor skills in elementary school students.

Background: Futsal and soccer are sports that require endurance and good physical fitness. However, the striking difference, especially in terms of the field used, causes various assumptions. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to compare the levels of physical fitness required for futsal and soccer as extracurricular activities. Methods: The Indonesian Physical Fitness Test (TKJI), In this study, a survey administered to extracurricular football and futsal players aged 13 to 15 was used as a quantitative method. Male students from two separate schools who were involved in extracurricular activities participated in this study, including soccer at State Junior High School 3 Sukadana, and futsal at Madrasah Tsanawiyah State 1 Pontianak. Applying a purposive sampling strategy to collect the sample, 20 futsal extracurricular students and 20 soccer extracurricular students were obtained. The SPSS version 26 program was used to aid in the data analysis for this investigation. Results: According to the study's findings, the average physical fitness score for soccer extracurricular was 15.1, while the average for futsal extracurricular was 11.75. Additionally, the significance value is 0.000 0.05, demonstrating a significant distinction between football and futsal as extracurricular activities. Conclusion: The study on the degree of physical fitness in extracurricular futsal and football found that there is a big gap. These preliminary results might improve understanding of student fitness developments among exercise professionals.

Background and Study Aim. The elderly represent a growing age group and an integral part of modern society. The aging process introduces significant health challenges, making exercise an essential component in maintaining quality of life and well-being among the elderly. This study reviews the impact of physical exercise interventions on the physical and cognitive functions of the elderly population. Material and Methods. The search for this study was conducted using the ScienceDirect and PubMed databases. The search strategy employed a combination of keywords ("Elderly Physical Exercise" AND "Physical Exercise Intervention" AND "Elderly Fitness and Cognitive" AND "Physical Exercise for Physical and Cognitive Functions" AND "Physical and Cognitive Benefits" AND "Elderly Physical Exercise Prevalence"). This search adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. Initially, 1,854 publications were identified through the database searches (ScienceDirect: 981 articles; PubMed: 873 articles). After applying the exclusion criteria, only 11 articles remained. Results. It has been found that physical exercise interventions for the elderly significantly impact their physical and cognitive functions. In the first group, exercises such as home-based e-Health programs, multicomponent exercises, moderate aerobic exercises, dance training, and balance training have been identified. All these have been shown to provide substantial benefits. These programs enhanced not only physical function but also cognitive performance and the overall quality of life for older adults without physical and cognitive health complaints. This showcases the potential of physical exercise interventions to prevent morbidity and reduce disability. The second group focused on physical exercise interventions for older adults with degenerative disease complaints, such as type 2 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Dual-task exercise programs and tai chi chuan exercises have demonstrated improvements in cognitive function for this demographic. They also improved physical fitness. The research also points out some limitations related to the implementation and budgeting for these programs. Conclusions. The literature review suggests that physical exercise interventions play a crucial role in maintaining physical and cognitive functions in older adults. Exercise programs tailored to the specific health conditions of individuals can significantly improve the quality of life and reduce the risk of declining physical and cognitive functions in the elderly population.

Cooperative learning stands as a recognized educational approach with potential to facilitate desired learning outcomes. This literature review aims to examine the existing body of scientific literature concerning the effects of cooperative learning on students within the realm of physical education. While a systematic review encompassing the years 2014 to 2019 was previously undertaken (Bores-García et al., 2021), this study provides a more recent overview spanning from 2019 to 2024. Utilizing three prominent databases (ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus), articles pertaining to cooperative learning in physical education were selected in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Following the application of exclusion criteria, a total of 11 articles were identified and categorized. Overall, the findings indicate that cooperative learning proves effective in enhancing students' motivation, participation, social skills, and learning achievements within the domain of physical education. Tailoring cooperative learning strategies to align with specific learning objectives and student characteristics emerges as pivotal in enriching students' educational experiences and accomplishments in this field. Despite the insights gained, limitations inherent in the review are acknowledged, warranting further global exploration through additional literature reviews or mapping studies (including bibliometric and scientometric analyses). Moreover, continued research on the application and impact of cooperative learning is deemed imperative in light of contemporary societal values emphasizing social interaction, dialogue, respect, as well as the significance of physical activity and sports. Keywoard: Learning model, cooperative learning, physical education, students

The elderly are a growing age group and an integral part of modern society. The aging process brings significant health challenges, and therefore, exercise has an important role to play in maintaining the quality of life and well-being of older adults. This review aims to explore the role of health exercise in older adults, including its benefits, appropriate types of activities, and factors that influence exercise participation in this age group. Health exercise among older adults was the subject of this systematic review, focusing on the benefits and effectiveness of interventions. This study conducted a keyword search ("exercise activity of the elderly" OR "physical activity for the elderly" AND "benefits of exercise in the elderly" OR "effects of exercise in the elderly" AND "effectiveness of health interventions" OR "physical health of the elderly" AND "exercise health intervention" OR "fitness in old age") on databases (ScienceDirect: 1,2011 and PubMed 1,039) following the Preferred Report-ing Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify articles that addressed the benefits and effectiveness of exercise health interventions in the elderly. Following the exclusion criteria, a total of 15 relevant articles were categorized. The review presented the benefits of health exercise in older adults. In the first group, a 12-week moderate-to-high intensity exercise program was shown to improve various aspects of physical and cognitive health in older adults. These included increases in body mass, functional capacity, muscle strength and reduced risk of age-related diseases. The second group highlighted the benefits of exercise through specific sporting activities, with improved sleep, decreased pain perception and protection from death anxiety. In addition, this group also demonstrated the effectiveness of various exercise therapies in supporting healthy aging. In the third group, the implementation of physical activity and lifestyle was shown to be effective in increasing physical activity levels among older adults and helping to prevent decline in physical function. This review highlights the importance of health exercise in improving the health and well-being of older adults. The findings can serve as a foundation for designing more effective interventions to support active and healthy lifestyles among older adults. This comprehensive strategy aims to enhance the overall well-being of the elderly population, fostering a better quality of life and mitigating the impact of age-related ailments. As such, it necessitates an approach that takes into account individual requirements and constraints. Beyond its health advantages, exercise holds significant social implications. Engaging in physical activity facilitates social interaction for older adults, helping them sustain connections with their community, friends, and family, thereby addressing the prevalent issue of social isolation. In this context, the involvement of family, healthcare professionals, and the community plays a pivotal role in supporting the elderly's participation in physical activities. Providing education, assistance, and cultivating a conducive environment for exercise are crucial measures to ensure an optimal quality of life for the elderly demographic. Keywords: Sports health, sports benefits, physical activity, older age, active lifestyle

Background and Study Aim. Breaststroke swimming is one of the compulsory subjects for students majoring in sports education at Lambung Mangkurat University. Thus, it is important to have good breaststroke swimming skills so that later it will become the basis for creating experienced and potential teachers. Therefore, there is a need for special treatment to improve breaststroke swimming skills. This study aims to provide evidence of the integration of project based learning models with interactive multimedia on improving students' breaststroke swimming skills. Material and Methods. This research is a quasi-experimental type with a pretest posttest non-equivalent control group design. The sampling technique used purposive sampling so that as many as 90 sports education students were sampled, namely 45 experimental groups and 45 control groups. The instrument resulting from breaststroke swimming skills was designed by the researcher, based on the theory of swimming experts, all descriptors for the breaststroke swimming instrument totalled 35 items. Furthermore, the analysis of the data in this study through the stages of normality test, homogeneity test, and hypothesis testing. Results. The hypothesis test on the experimental group indicator with the PBL-Multimedia Interactive treatment showed a significance value of 0.000 <0.05 which means it is significant. Furthermore, the results on the control group indicator showed a significance value of 0.000 <0.05, so there was a significant increase. The results also show a difference with a significance of 0.001 <0.05, which means that the PBL- Multimedia Interactive experimental group and the control group (Conventional) have a significant difference in the effect on the posttest score. Conclusions. This study shows that the PBL-Multimedia Interactive model integration treatment has a significant effect on improving students' breaststroke swimming skills. Where the integration of the PBL-Multimedia Interactive model is proven to be more effective than the conventional model. That way, the integration of the PBL-Multimedia Interactive model is effective and can be applied in swimming learning, especially in improving breaststroke swimming.