Objective: Due to limited freshwater supplies, Israel increasingly depends on desalination to fulfill its drinking water requirements. However, this process reduces mineral levels such as magnesium (Mg²⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), and fluoride (F⁻), which could pose health concerns. In this study, we analyze the mineral concentrations across various water sources nationwide. Materials and Methods: We analyzed a national database on drinking water quality for levels of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and F⁻ from 2014 to 2024. District-level concentrations were calculated and compared with national means and across primary water sources. Water sources were classified as primarily DSW (DSW) or primarily groundwater-based according to their dominant composition. Results: Nationwide median concentrations were 52 mg/L for Ca²⁺, 12 mg/L for Mg²⁺, and 0.15 mg/L for F⁻. Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ showed marked regional variation, with significantly higher mean levels in the Northern District (Ca²⁺: 72 mg/L, p < 0.006; Mg²⁺: 34 mg/L, p < 0.001) and lowest levels in southern regions, particularly the Southern District (Ca²⁺: 39 mg/L, p < 0.001; Mg²⁺: 7 mg/L, p < 0.001) compared to the national average. Fluoride concentrations were generally low, with higher levels in northern regions (0.23 mg/L, p < 0.001) and lower levels in Tel Aviv (0.07 mg/L, p < 0.001) and Jerusalem (0.11 mg/L, p < 0.001). By predominant water source, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations were lowest in DSW (Ca²⁺: 42 mg/L; Mg²⁺: 9 mg/L) and highest in groundwater supplies (Ca²⁺: 83 mg/L; Mg²⁺: 34 mg/L). Concentrations of F⁻ ranged from 0.12 mg/L in predominantly DSW to 0.23 mg/L in areas supplied primarily by groundwater. Conclusions: Ca²⁺ levels aligned with international reports, while Mg²⁺ levels, especially in desalination-reliant areas, remained consistently low. F⁻ concentrations stayed below both the recommended maximums and the optimal levels advised by the U.S. Public Health Service. As desalination efforts grow, concerns have been raised about the potential public health risks associated with low-mineral drinking water, particularly cardiovascular disease and bone disorders.

The global decline in sperm quality remains poorly understood, with limited research on environmental exposures like rising temperatures from climate change. This study explored the association between extreme temperatures and sperm quality, focusing on normal and abnormal sperm parameters. Sperm data from Soroka fertility clinics (2009–2023) were analyzed alongside ambient temperatures from nearby monitoring stations up to 90 days before sample collection. Summer temperatures ranged from 25.3°C to 46.4°C, and winter minimums ranged from 0.1°C to 24.5°C. Directed Acyclic Graphs guided confounder selection for Generalized Additive Mixed Models and Distributed Lag Models, while Mixed-Effect Negative Binomial Regressions compared sperm quality across temperature extremes. Low winter temperatures were significantly associated with reduced motility, with a 5.8% decrease (p < 0.001). Men with abnormal motility, Jewish men, and older men were most affected, showing motility reductions of 3.59%–6.53%. Minimal effects of extreme summer heat were observed, except for a borderline significant 5.92% decrease in motility among men from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. These findings highlight the negative impact of extreme cold on sperm motility, with potential adaptation to summer heat in desert climates. Further research is needed, particularly among vulnerable groups, as climate change increases temperature extremes.