This work studies descriptively the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) and Chest Severity Index (CSI), with a finite element model of the Hybrid III dummy type, for six-year-old subjects in a frontal vehicular collision, using the low-back booster (LBB) passive safety system. The vehicle seats and the passive safety systems were modelled in CAD (computer aided design) software. Then, the elements were analysed by the finite element method (FEM) in LS-DYNA® software. The boundary conditions were established for each study, according to the regulations established by the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS), following the FMVSS 213 standard. The numerical simulations were performed during an interval of 120 ms and recording results every 1 ms. In order to analyse the efficiency of the system, the restraint performance of the LBB system is compared with the restraint configuration of the vehicle safety belt (VSB) only. The obtained injury criteria with the LBB system shows its ability to protect children in a frontal collision. The analyses allow obtaining the deceleration values to which the dummy head and chest was subjected. Of the studies herein performed, Study I: VSB obtained a HIC₃₆ of 730.4 and CSI of 315.5, while Study II: LBB obtained a HIC₃₆ of 554.3 and CSI of 281.9. The outcome shows that the restraint efficiency of each studied case differs. Used materials, the attachment system of the LBB, and the belt restraint system properly placed over the infant trunk are the main factors reducing the injury criteria rate.

This research analyzes the head and chest injuries with a finite element model of Hybrid III six years old during the vehicle rollover, using a passive safety Child restraint system (CRS). Vehicle seats and passive safety systems were modeled in CAD software. Subsequently, all elements were analyzed using the finite element method in the LS-DYNA^® software. The border conditions were established for each study, in accordance with the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS), following the FMVSS 213 standard for the mounting and fastening of the infant, the FMVSS 208 for the dolly rollover test methodology with which the vehicle rollover was performed. The vehicle Toyota Yaris 2010 was considered in all the analyzes. The numerical simulations were performed during an interval of 1 s, and there were obtained values every 2 ms to analyze the efficiency of the system and the restriction performance of the CRS system. It was compared the behavior when the chair uses a 5-point seatbelt, with respect to using the 3-point seatbelt, and what happens when holding the chair with the single seatbelt and with the ISOFIX anchorage. Three cases of studies were analyzed: Study I; CRS Study II; CRS with ISOFIX anchorage; and Study III; CRS with a seatbelt of 5-points. The outcome shows that the best restriction efficiency is that of the CRS 5 points seatbelt because it presents the lowest level of chest injury. In conclusion, the main factor to reduce injuries during a rollover accident is the correct anchoring of CRS, this is achieved with ISOFIX system, on the other hand, a good quality of material and a correct thickness used for the headrest could reduce the risk of a head injury.

This paper analyzes the possible head and chest injuries, produced in a Hybrid III dummy model of a six-year-old child during a rollover test, while the child uses a passive safety system low-back booster (LBB). Vehicle seats and passive safety systems were modeled with a CAD (Computer Aided Design) software; later, all elements were analyzed using the finite element method (FEM) with LS-DYNA® software. The border conditions were established for each study, in accordance with the regulations of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS), and following the FMVSS 213 standard for the mounting and fastening of the infant, the FMVSS 208 for the dolly methodology test with the vehicle rollover was performed, implementing such analysis under the same conditions for a vehicle Toyota Yaris 2010. The numerical simulations were performed during an interval of 1 second, obtaining data values for periods of 2 milliseconds. This paper examines the efficiency of the system; three case studies were carried out: Study I: vehicle seat belt (VSB); Study II: the LBB system was secured by the seat belt; Study III: the LBB system with ISOFIX anchorage. The values of decelerations for the head and thorax of the infant were obtained, as well as neck flexion and thoracic deflection. The main factor to reduce injuries during a rollover accident is the correct anchorage of the LBB, and this is achieved with the ISOFIX system, since it prevents the independent movement of the LBB, unlike when it is fastened with the seat belt of the vehicle. The results show low levels of head and chest injury when ISOFIX is used because of reduced thoracic deflection during infant retention.

This research assessed a mechanical coupling for the ISOFIX Child Restraint System using the Finite Element Method (FEM) in a critical condition (simultaneous frontal and lateral collision). The mechanism was designed according to the R129 standard, and it consists of a set of springs and dampers that allows displacements in the three Cartesian axes (x, y, z) to dissipate a portion of the energy produced by a traffic accident. Two case studies are presented. The first one evaluates the behavior of the mechanism by applying the equivalent weight of a child and the LBB during a frontal and lateral impact according to the FMVSS 213 standard. The second evaluates the injuries generated in the head, neck, and thorax with a six-year Hybrid III model during a frontal impact when implementing the coupling system. The outcomes show that both axes reach a maximum deceleration of 23 G, and it remains from 17 G to 21 G in 30 ms. After 65 ms, it decreases from 17 G to 0 G. Overall, the injury rates are compared when using mechanical coupling with LBB and only LBB to analyze the system’s efficiency, showing a significant reduction in head and neck injuries, obtaining a 24% variation in the HIC_36, and reducing the neck range motion by 19.3°.

La investigación da una evaluación ergonómica para reducir riesgos y enfermedades profesionales y aumentar la productividad de los oficinistas. Con los métodos de Evaluación del Riesgo Individual y Acción Ocupacional Repetitiva permite identificar y valorar rápidamente los factores de riesgo ergonómicos en tareas repetitivas, considerando posturas, fuerza, duración del trabajo y frecuencia de descansos. La implementación surge de la necesidad de mejorar el rendimiento y evitar problemas músculo-esqueléticos. Los resultados muestran una reducción del riesgo de Trastornos músculo esqueléticos del 4.88% con y del 8.6%, demostrando la efectividad de estas estrategias para mejorar la salud y productividad de los trabajadores.