Entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) can infect and kill a diverse range of arthropods, including ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) that can transmit various diseases to animals and humans. Consequently, the use of EPFs as a biocontrol method for managing tick populations has been explored as an alternative to chemical acaricides, which may have harmful effects on the environment and non-target species. This review summarizes studies conducted on EPFs for tick control between 1998 and 2024, identifying 9 different EPF species that have been used against 15 different species of ticks. One of the most well-known and widely researched EPFs used against ticks is Metarhizium anisopliae, a fungus known for its ability to infect and kill various arthropods. When applied to tick-infested areas, M. anisopliae spores attach to the tick’s cuticle, germinate, and penetrate through the cuticle, leading to the eventual death of the tick due to the fungal infection. Whilst a number of studies support the potential of this and other EPF species against ticks, this review suggests that limitations to their effective use may include factors such as heat, humidity, and ultraviolet light (UV-A and UV-B). This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the literature on the potential of EPFs in tick control, focusing on their mode of action, previous field successes/failures, advantages, potential applications, and prospects for future practical developments.

Antioxidant mechanisms and the prevention of cellular damage depend heavily on selenium (Se). Goats fed high concentrate (HC) diets experience oxidative stress as a result of aberrant rumen fermentation, which raises the concentration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). This study evaluated the effect of dietary Se on LPS concentration and antioxidant activity in blood serum of goats fed HC diet. Thirty cross-bred goats (12-16 weeks, 11-13 kg) were randomly kept in three groups: LC (low concentrate diet), HC (high concentrate diet), and HC-SY (HC + Se-yeast @ 0.5 mg/kg diet) for 10 weeks. LPS content and oxidative stress biomarkers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined in blood serum. LPS concentration was decreased (P < 0.001) in HC-SY than HC group. Antioxidant status of oxidative stress biomarkers improved with a significant decrease (P < 0.001) of MDA level in HC-SY compared to HC. GSH-Px activity decreased in HC as compared LC, but it escalated (P < 0.001) in HC-SY compared to other groups. SOD activity reduced in group HC However, it significantly increased (P < 0.001) in Se supplemented group than in HC. CAT activity increased (P < 0.01) in group HC-SY than in HC but it was non-significant (P > 0.05) among LC and HC. TAC activity increased (P < 0.05) in HC-SY than HC. In conclusion, HC diet supplemented with dietary Se showed ameliorative effects in blood serum by enhanced antioxidant activity and alleviated LPS content in goats compared to HC diet.