Aim. We investigated the long‐term effects of exposure to concentrated growth factors (CGFs) on the regenerative properties of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a proinflammatory agent. Methods. DPSCs were cultured with CGF at different concentrations of LPS (0.1, 1, and 10 µg/ml) for 21 days. Then, using MTT and scratch assays, the cell viability and migration were examined. Osteogenic stimulation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and Sirius Red staining, which determined the ALP activity and collagen levels, respectively. The expression levels of osteogenic markers were quantified using the qRT‐PCR method. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s HSD test were used to analyze differences between groups. Results. Long‐term treatment of DPSCs with CGFs reduced LPS‐induced cell death. Moreover, CGF and LPS (1 µg/ml), either in combination or alone, improved the DPSC migratory ability and caused a significant increase in osteogenic stimulation through the upregulation of collagen levels and ALP activity. Additionally, CGFs significantly upregulated RUNX2, DSPP, OCN, and OPN mRNA levels (as osteogenic markers), while LPS (1 µg/ml) only significantly increased OCN overexpression. Conclusion. Our findings are evidence that CGF could be a promising agent to induce dentin‐pulp complex healing in long‐term chronic inflammation.

Nanomaterials and regeneration-inducing microenvironments are key components of innovative regenerative endodontic treatment (RET). This study aimed to assess the odontogenic potential of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating growth factor (GM-CSF) loaded chitosan nanogels (CNgs) on dental pulp stem cell (DPSCs) culture. GM-CSF/CNgs were prepared through the ionic gelation method and then characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential devices. Acridine orange (AO) and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were used to evaluate cellular morphology and viability. The odontogenic and osteogenic differentiation was determined by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physicochemical characterization confirmed that the GM-CSF/CNgs were prepared. The loading efficiency was 82.9 ± 2. Significant biocompatibility and no apparent nuclear fragmentation upon exposure to GM-CSF/CNgs and CNgs were observed. Quantifying the expression of dental pulp regeneration associated with genes including osteocalcin gene (OCN), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) between GM-CSF/CNgs and control groups was significant (p < 0.001). Morphology of DPSCs in contact with GM-CSF/CsNgs demonstrated odontogenic differentiation. GM-CSF/CNgs promoted a bioinspired drug delivery system (DDS) and induced dental pulp regeneration of DPSCs.

Background and Aim: Discoloration is an unfavorable side effect of regenerative endodontic procedures using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). The efficacy of home bleaching of discolored teeth with carbamide peroxide has not been well investigated, and the minimum required duration of home bleaching is still unclear. This study aimed to compare ...

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium dicholoroisocyanurate (NaDCC) as intracanal medicament on the dentin microhardness and fracture resistance of teeth compared to calcium hydroxide (CH). Material and Methods: Root canals of mandibular premolars ( n = 153) were instrumented and randomized into two treatment groups and an untreated control group ( n = 51). Treatment groups received either NaDCC or CH. After 1 week, 1 month, or 3 months, 17 teeth were randomly selected from each group, and two root cylinders were obtained: one for fracture resistance and the other for microhardness test. Two‐way ANOVA, one‐way ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: The microhardness and fracture resistance in the control and CH groups were not affected by time ( p > 0.05). However, NaDCC caused significant decreases in dentin microhardness after 1 month and 3 months ( p < 0.001) as well as in fracture resistance ( p < 0.05) after 1 month. The groups comparison at each time point showed no significant differences in microhardness and fracture resistance after 1 week ( p > 0.05). However, after 1 month, a significant reduction in microhardness and fracture resistance was detected for NaDCC and in the fracture resistance for CH ( p < 0.05). After 3 months, compared to the control group, lower microhardness in NaDCC and CH groups and lower fracture resistance in CH group were detected ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: Short‐term application of NaDCC and CH did not adversely affect dentin microhardness. However, prolonged use reduced dentin microhardness, and both medicaments significantly decreased fracture resistance compared with the control group. Limiting the duration of intracanal medicament application is therefore recommended.

Purpose: Persistent microorganisms such as Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans remain within complex root canal microanatomy and biofilms, compromising disinfection and leading to endodontic failure. This study aimed to develop and characterize a carvacrol (CV)–graphene oxide (GO)–chitosan (CV@GO–CS) nanocomposite with potential application in root canal disinfection. Materials/Methods: The CV@GO–CS nanocomposite was synthesized and evaluated for physicochemical properties, encapsulation efficiency (EE%), and release kinetics. Cytocompatibility was assessed using L929 fibroblast viability assays, and cell migration was evaluated by scratch tests. Antimicrobial efficacy was determined against E. faecalis and C. albicans through MIC/MBC and MIC/MFC measurements and checkerboard synergy assays. Results: CV@GO–CS exhibited a hydrodynamic diameter of ~190 nm (polydispersity index [PDI] 0.24) and a zeta potential of + 22.3 mV. EE% and loading capacity (LC%) were 88.6% ± 3.6% and 46.9% ± 0.9%, respectively. CV release followed a biphasic profile, with ~45% released at 24 h and ~82% at 96 h. At a concentration of 50 µg/mL—which exceeds the determined minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations—L929 fibroblast viability exceeded 95%, and wound closure was significantly enhanced compared with controls. Antimicrobial testing showed MIC/MBC values of 25 μg/mL against E. faecalis and MIC/MFC values of complete inhibition of C. albicans at 10 μg/mL. Conclusions: The CV@GO–CS nanocomposite demonstrated favorable physicochemical characteristics, high cytocompatibility, and strong antimicrobial activity against key endodontic pathogens. These findings support its potential as a sustainable, biocompatible platform for sustained‐release root canal disinfectants or intracanal medicaments; however, efficacy against endodontic biofilms remains to be established, and further preclinical evaluation in biofilm and ex vivo models is warranted.